Renaissance and Reformation
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What are some factors that led to the decline of Feudalism?
People moving to cities, rise of national governments, nobles’ role in military decreased, peasants revolt, merchant class gains more power, Crusades lead to more contact with East.
What was the War of Roses?
A series of civil wars between the Houses of Lancaster and York for the English Throne
Who rose to power as a result of the War of Roses?
Henry Tudor
What is a flagellant?
A person who would do forms of self-punishment to pay for their sins (believed the plague was God’s punishment for their sins)
What is the accepted mortality rate of the Plague in Europe?
25% - 45%
Who was blamed for the Plague?
Jews
Why were Jews blamed for the Plague?
Jews were rich, and many people owed them money, so they targeted them which allowed those in debt to avoid repaying them.
How did the Plague change art?
Before the Plague, art was focused on religion and royalty, while after the plague the art was focused on death.
What does the term perspective mean in art?
A way of drawing or painting that makes things look three-dimensional and realistic, and gives it depth
What does the word Renaissance mean?
Rebirth
What was Humanism?
A way of thinking that focused on people and their abilities
What does the word vernacular mean?
The local, everyday language people speak in a region.
What does the word secular mean?
Separation from religion and influence.
Who invented the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg
Why was the printing press relevant to the Renaissance?
It made books faster and cheaper to print, which helped spread Renaissance ideas around the world.
What are is the first main quote from the Prince by Machiavelli?
“If one has to choose, it is better to be feared than loved”
What is the second main quote from the Prince by Machiavelli?
“The end (results) justify the means (methods)”
What were the main beliefs of Rabelais?
Value of education and knowledge, humanism and human potential, skepticism of authority, celebration of life, critique of war and violence
What were indulgences?
Pieces of paper sold by the church to reduce punishments for sins
What were the 95 Theses?
Short statements written by Martin Luther about 95 ways the Catholic Church should change.
What were Luther’s main beliefs?
Indulgences should stop being sold, all church teachings should come from the bible, you should be able to get into heaven based on faith alone, priests should be allowed to get married.
What was the Diet of Worms?
A meeting held in the city of Worms, Germany, where Martin Luther was put on trial for his teachings
Who was Jan Hus?
A person who wanted to reform the church before Luther. He preached direct salvation and spoke against indulgences, leading to him being burned.
Who was John Wycliffe?
A person who wanted to reform the church before Luther. He taught direct salvation and criticized church corruption, leading to him being ex-communicated
What was the Edict of Worms?
The order issued by Emperor Charles V that made Martin Luther an outlaw in the Holy Roman Empire
Who did Luther support during the peasant revolt?
The rulers
Why did Luther support the rulers in the peasant revolt?
Because rulers were called by God to keep peace, and it was their duty to stop revolts.
What were the main beliefs of the Anabaptists?
Complete separation of church and state, adult baptism, and following teachings of New Testament
What were some secular reasons that some German princes supported the Reformation?
To increase their power, the dislike of papal control, to take advantage of church land and money, and political advantage in a divided empire.
Who was Zwingli?
A Swiss reformer who brought Protestantism to Switzerland, and was defeated by Catholics
Who was Calvin?
He replaced Zwingli as the Protestant leader of Switzerland, and had a religion called Calvinism
What was Predestination?
The idea that God had predetermined who would be saved and who would be damned
Who was King Henry VIII?
The English King who broke away from the Catholic Church and created the Church of England
What was the Counter-Reformation?
The Catholic Church’s effort to keep people from turning to Protestantism by promoting loyalty to the pope, obedience to the church, and using education to spread Catholicism
What was the Council of Trent?
A meeting where the banned the sale of indulgence, but reaffirmed most of their other doctrines
Who was Ignatius Loyala?
A Spanish noble who founded the Society of Jesus
Who painted The Holy Trinity?
Masaccio
Who painted the Mona Lisa?
Leonardo Da Vinci
Who painted David?
Michelangelo
Who painted the Creation of Adam?
Michelangelo
Who painted the Last Judgement?
Michelangelo
Who painted the School of Athens?
Raphael
Who created the sculpture of David?
Donatello
Who painted the Birth of Venus?
Botticelli
Who painted Primavera?
Botticelli
Who painted Van Eyck’s Wedding Scene?
Jan Van Eyck
Who painted The Knight, Death, and the Devil?
Albrecht Durer
Who painted the Garden of Earthly Delights?
Hieronymus Bosch
Who painted Rogier’s Last Judgement?
Rogier van der Weyden
What are some of the things Alberti says a good painting needs?
Proportion and comparison, realistic detail, consistency, variety, color, light
What are some of the things that should be avoided in a painting
Inconsistency, objects out of place, overcrowding, immodesty