BTECH LEGIT ATA

Staking-out

It is the driving of stakes for batter boards to locate the corners and foundations of a building for excavation

Stakes

These are wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one end driven into the ground to serve as boundaries or supports of the batter boards

Strings

Are either plastic cords or galvanized wires strung across batter boards and used to indicate the outline of the building wall and foundation

Batter Boards

- horizontal boards

- establishes height of the footing trenches and foundations

- establishes height of finish floor levels

Leveling

Done with a line level or carpenter's level, or with a transit;

height of the batter boards may be level with or a little higher that the top of the finished foundation

Batter Boards

wood sticks or boards nailed horizontally at the stake which serve as the horizontal plane where the reference point of the building measurements are established

Spirit Level

An instrument or tool capable of vertical and horizontal line check

Plumb Bob

A weight attached to a string, used for vertical line check

Plastic Hose Filled with Water

A method of leveling horizontally batter boards without transit

3-4-5 Multiples with the Use of Steel Tape Measure

A manual method of squaring the corners of building lines in staking

Formworks

used to shape and support fresh concrete until cured and able to support itself

Shoring

- temporary supports designed to carry forms for beams and slabs

- also used to support scaffolding works

(1) Lumber

(2) Steel

what are the two major materials used for forms and shoring construction

Yokes

Are clamping devices for keeping column forms and tops of wall forms from spreading under the fluid pressure of newly placed concrete

Spreaders

Usually of wood, space and keep the wall or space and keep the wall or forms apart

Snap Ties

- have notches or crimps that allow their ends to be snapped off below the concrete surface after stripping off the forms

- small, truncated cones of wood, steel or plastic attached to form ties

She Bolts

consist of waler rods that are inserted through the form and threaded onto the ends of an inner rod. After striping the water rods are removed for reuse while the inner rod remains in the concrete

Scaffolds

Temporary platforms designed to support workers and materials on the face of a structure and to provide access to work areas above the ground

- Ledgers

- Brace or the diagonal

- Standard or the Vertical Component

- Accessories: heads, jacks, and bases

What are the major components of metal shoring?

Hand Tools

are the tools that use power delivered by man only

Power Tools

are tools that employ power supplied by forces other than that coming from humans

Equipment

is a term that refers to large, complex tools and machines that is designed to do a particular job

Heavy Equipment

is equipment which is very large and very powerful.

Pry Bar

is used to force open boards used in forming concrete.

Folding rule and Tape measure

are the most common tools for measuring boards, pipe, wire, etc.

Digital Rule

is used to measure relatively long distances such as those in highway construction

Framing Square

Is a layout tool that is used to measure 90 degree angles at the corners of framework and joints. They can also be employed to determine cutting angles on dimension lumber.

Level

Is a long, straight tool that contains one or more vials of liquid and used to determine if the horizontal or vertical is exact

chalk line or chalk box

Is used for marking lines

Claw Hammer

is an ordinary hammer used to drive or remove nails.

Sledgehammer

is a heavy hammer used to drive stakes into the ground and to break up concrete and stone

Standard Screwdriver

has a flat tip and is designed to fit a standard slotted screw

Phillips Screwdriver

has an X-shaped tip and is used to turn Philips-head screw only

Spiral Ratchet Screwdriver

is that which relies on a pushing force rather than a twisting force

Ripsaw

has chisel-like teeth designed for ripping or cutting with the grain of wood

Crosscut saw

is used to cut across the grain of wood

Backsaw

is a special type of handsaw that has a very thin blade and makes very straight cuts such as those on trims and mouldings

Hacksaw

is used to cut metals

Wood Chisel

is used to trim wood and clear away excess material from wood joints

Cold Chisel

is used to trim metals

Nail Set

is used to drive finishing nails below the surface of a wooden trim or molding

Pipe Wrench

is used to turn round objects like pipes

Brick Trowel

is used to place and trim mortar between bricks and concrete blocks

Bull Float

is used to smoothen out the surface of wet concrete

Blind Riveter

is used to fasten pieces of sheet metal together

Power Drill

is used to drill holes in wood, metal, and concrete

Power Screwdriver

also known as "screw gun", used to install and remove screws

Radial Arm Saw

is used for crosscutting wood and consists of a motor-driven saw blade that is hung on an arm over a table

Table Saw

is used for cutting large sheets of wood and wood composites and consists of a blade mounted on an electric motor beneath a table-like surface

Portable Circular Saw

is used for cutting materials that are difficult to cut with stationary tools

Power Miter Saw

is a circular saw mounted over a small table used to cut various angles in wood

Saber Saw

is used to cut curves or holes in floors and roofs for pipes and has a small knife-shaped blade that moves up and down

Pneumatic Hammer

Also known as "Jackhammer", is used to break up concrete or asphalt paving

Rotary Hammer

is like an electric drill that operates with both rotating and reciprocating actions and is used to drill holes in concrete

Nailers

Also known as "nail guns", fastens materials together by shooting nails into the building material

Powder-actuated stud driver

is a kind of nailer that is powered by gunpowder and is used to drive long pins into wood, steel or concrete.

Staplers

are like nailers but are loaded with u-shaped staples instead of nails for fastening

Conveyor

is an equipment which moves materials other than fluids

Transit

is an equipment used by surveyors to measure horizontal and vertical angles to obtain land elevation.

Surveyor's Level

is that which to determine an unidentified elevation from a known one

Construction Laser

flashes a narrow, accurate beam of light to make a baseline for additional measurements and is used as a level or as an alignment tool

Water Pump

is used to pump water out of holes in the ground so that construction work can commence

Concrete Pump

is used to move concrete from the concrete mixer to the concrete form.

Concrete Mixer

a machine that mixes concrete ingredients by means of a rotating drum. raw materials are introduced into the mixing drum through its open end and discharged by tilting the mixing drum to allow the concrete to pour out

Arc Welding Machine

is used to weld materials by melting portions of the metal

Laser-powered Welder

is used to weld material by employing a laser to heat the metal

Bulldozer

is a tractor with a pushing blade which moves earth and clears land of bushes and trees

Cranes

are machines that lift large and heavy materials

Crawler Crane

is a crane mounted on metal treads so that it can move over rough terrain

Truck Crane

is mounted on a truck frame so that it can be driven in the site

Tower Crane

Also known as "climbing crane", used in the construction of tall buildings because it has a built-in jack that raises the crane from floor to floor as the building is constructed

Excavator

is a machine used for digging or scooping earth from a place and depositing it in another

Backhoe

is used for general digging which is usually mounted on either a crawler or truck frame

Trencher

is a special kind which digs trenches or long, narrow ditches for pipelines or cables

Front-end Loader

is a large shoveling machine that can scoop or deposit a large amount of material

Scraper

is a machine that loads, hauls and dumps soil over medium to long distances

Grader

is an earth working machine that grades or levels the ground

Compactor or roller

is a machine that compacts soil to prepare for road paving

Paver

is a machine that places, spreads and finishes concrete or asphalt paving material

- Superstructure

- Substructure

- Foundation

What are the 3 major parts of a building?

Superstructure

the portion of the building ABOVE the ground

Substructure

the habitable portion of the building found BELOW the ground

Foundation

the STRUCTURAL portion of the building that transfer the building's load into the soil

- Slab on Fill

- Crawl Space

- Basement

What are the three types of substructures?

Slab on Fill

slab which rests on ground and not suspended

Crawl Space

in a building without a basement, an unfinished accessible space below the first floor which is usually less than a full story height

Basement

the lower story of a building, either partly or entirely below grade

Foundation Bed

The natural material on which the construction rests

Foundation Walls

That part of the building foundation which forms the permanent retaining wall of the structure below grade.

Foundation Piers/Columns

piers/columns below grade, to distinguish them from similar construction above grade

Grade Beam

that part of a foundation system which supports the exterior wall of the superstructure and bears directly on the column footing

Footing Courses

lower portions of walls, piers or columns which are spread to provide a safe base

Rock

Foundation Bed

Undisturbed rock masses forming an undisturbed part of the original rock-formation

Decayed Rock (Rotten Rock)

Foundation Bed

Sand, clays and other materials resulting from the disintegration of rock masses, lacking the coherent qualities but occupying the space formerly occupied by the original rock

Loose Rock

Foundation Bed

Rock masses detached from the ledge of which they originally formed a part

Gravel

Foundation Bed

Detached rock particles, generally water-worn, rounded and intermediate in size between sand particles and boulders

Boulders

Foundation Bed

detached rock masses larger than gravel, generally rounded and worn as a result of having been transported by water a considerable distance from the ledges of which they originally formed a part

Sand

Foundation Bed

Non-coherent rock particles smaller than 1/4" in maximum dimension

Clay

Foundation Bed

A plastic material resulting from the decomposition and hydration of feldspathic rocks, being hydrated silicate of alumina, generally mixed with powdered feldspar, quartz, and other materials

Hard-pan

Foundation Bed

any strong coherent mixture of clay or other cementing material with sand, gravel and boulders