Psychology kartkowka 1- Experiments | Quizlet

Bias

systematic errors in thinking, research and practice that can affect the validity and reliability of psychological findings. It is often unconscious or unintentional.

confirmation bias

the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories.

Causality

the notion that a change in one variable results in a corresponding change in another

Linear Casuality

cause precedes effect (which is reliable and highly predictable) and it can be traced back

Domino causality

cause and effect relationships where the effects become causes and there is a sequential unfolding of effects over time.

cyclical casuality

the cause leads to an effect that causes the original cause.

Change

A transition from one state of thinking ceiling or behaviour to another which can be consciously induced (by free will) or triggered by external (deterministic) factors.

Measurement

collecting data when conducting research

anectodal data

based on personal stories, individual experiences or isolated observations.

Empirical Data

Information gathered from sensory observation and experimentation

quantitative measurement

numerical data and statistical methods

qualitative data

descriptive, non-numerical data

perspective

a point of view or general standpoint from which things like human behaviour and mental processes are viewed

Biological Perspective

the psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of biology on behavior

cognitive perspective

modern perspective that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving as influences for behaviour

responsibility

Psychologists must protect and follow ethical standards for individuals in their care and treat them with respect.

APA ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct

avoiding harm, confidentiality, informed consent, right to withdraw

True experiment

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables

dependent variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

null hypothesis

A prediction that there is no difference between groups or conditions, or a statement or an idea that can be falsified, or proved wrong.

One-tailed hypothesis

A prediction that the effect will go in a specific direction.

two-tailed hypothesis

A prediction that states their simply will be a difference but that it could go either way

repeated measures design

The same participants are used in all the conditions in an experiment.

Independent Samples Design

participants are randomly allocated to one condition of the experiment

matched pairs design

A method of assigning subjects to groups in which pairs of subjects are first matched on some characteristic and then individually assigned randomly to groups.

quasi-experiment

An experiment in which researchers make use of control and experimental groups that already exist in the world and they cannot manipulate the IV

cross-sectional design

research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time

longitudinal cohort design

follows a group of individuals and assess them at multiple intervals over time

natural experiment

an experiment that has an independent variable that is an environmental and outside of the researchers control and it works on a pre-test/post-test design.