Psychology Lecture Notes Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering developmental stages, memory types, learning concepts, health psychology, and behavioral theories based on lecture notes.

Assimilation

Fitting new information into an existing idea.

Accommodation

Changing an existing schema because the new information doesn't fit.

Babbling

Baby sounds.

Telegraphic

Short sentences.

Erikson's 8 Stages

Psychosocial development stages: 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy), 2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (toddler), 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (early childhood), 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (school age), 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence), 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood), 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood), 8. Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood).

Kohlberg's Stages of Morality

Moral development stages: Level 1: Preconventional (decisions based on punishment and rewards), Level 2: Conventional (rules, approval, and being a good person), Level 3: Postconventional (principles, rights, and broader ideas of justice).

Teratogen

Things that can harm prenatal development.

Germinal Stage

Prenatal stage from conception to about $2$ weeks.

Embryonic Stage

Prenatal stage from about weeks $3-8$ where major organs and body structures begin developing.

Fetal Stage

Prenatal stage from about week $9$ to birth where growth and development continue.

Secure Attachment

Attachment type where child feels safe and trusts their caregiver.

Avoidant Attachment

Attachment type where child tends to avoid the caregiver.

Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment

Attachment type where child may be very upset when the caregiver leaves and difficult to comfort when they return.

Disorganized Attachment

Attachment type characterized by inconsistent behavior.

Harlow's Study

Studied infant monkeys and found that comfort and attachment were important.

Sensorimotor Stage

First stage of Piaget's $4$ stages (birth to age $2$) where learning occurs through senses and actions.

Preoperational Stage

Second stage of Piaget's $4$ stages ($2-4$) where language and symbolic thinking develop, but difficulty with some logical reasoning exists.

Concrete Operational Stage

Third stage of Piaget's $4$ stages ($7-11$) where logical thinking about concrete situations develops.

Formal Operational Stage

Fourth stage of Piaget's $4$ stages ($12+$) where abstract and hypothetical thinking develops.

Procedural Memory

Memory for how to do things.

Episodic Memory

Memory of personal experiences/events.

Semantic Memory

Memory of facts and information.

Health Psychology

The study of how psychological factors, behavior, and physical health affect each other.

Anorexia Nervosa

Severe restriction of food and an intense fear of gaining weight.

Bulimia Nervosa

Repeated binge eating followed by behaviors intended to compensate for eating.

Type A Personality

Personality type that is more driven and time urgent.

Type B Personality

Personality type that is more relaxed.

Problem-Focused Coping

Trying to solve or change the problem.

Emotion-Focused Coping

Trying to manage your feelings about the problem.

Biopsychosocial Model

Model stating health is affected by Biological (genetics, illness, hormones), Psychological (thoughts, emotions, behaviors), and Social (family, friends, culture, environment) factors.

Sensory Memory

Holds information for a very short time.

Short-Term / Working Memory

Holds a small amount of information for a short time.

Long-Term Memory

Stores information for a long period of time.

Chunking

Grouping information into smaller groups to make it easier to remember.

Maintenance Rehearsal

Repeating information over and over.

Elaborative Rehearsal

Connecting new information to something you already know.

Primacy Effect

Remembering the first things best.

Recency Effect

Remembering the last things best.

Anterograde Amnesia

Difficulty forming new memories after an event.

Retrograde Amnesia

Loss of memories from before an event.

Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences, where reinforcement increases a behavior, punishment decreases a behavior, positive adds, and negative removes.

Fixed Interval

Schedule of reinforcement where reward is given after a set amount of time.

Variable Interval

Schedule of reinforcement where reward is given after unpredictable amounts of time.

Fixed Ratio

Schedule of reinforcement where reward is given after a set number of behaviors.

Variable Ratio

Schedule of reinforcement where reward is given after an unpredictable number of behaviors.

Token Economy

A system where people receive tokens/points for good behaviors and trade them for rewards.

Observational Learning

Learning by watching other people and copying their behavior.

Encoding

Getting information into memory.

Storage

Keeping the information in memory.

Retrieval

Getting the information back out of memory.

Change Blindness

Failing to notice a change in your surroundings.