Material for Exam 1 A&P Lab Exercise 1&2

Anterior (ventral)

toward the front or abdominal surface of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

toward the back of the body

Superior (cephalic)

toward the head

Inferior (caudal)

away from the head

Medial

nearer the midline of the body

Lateral

farther from the midline of the body

Proximal

nearer the attachment of an extremity to the trunk

Distal

farther from the attachment of an extremity to the trunk

External (superficial)

toward or on the body surface

Internal (deep)

away from the body surface

Parietal

pertaining to the outer boundary of body cavities

Visceral

pertaining to the internal organs

Sagittal Plane

Parallel to the long axis of the body, cuts the body into left and right portions

Frontal, or Coronal Plane

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Transverse, or Horizontal Plane

Divides the body into superior (towards the head) and inferior (away from the head) portions

Right and Left Hypochondriac Region

Hypo = below, under ;; chondriac = cartilage of ribs

Epigastric and Hypogastric Region

Epi = over, above ;; gastric = stomach, belly

Right and Left Lumbar Region

Lumbar vertebrae

Umbilical Region

Naval

Right and Left Iliac Region

iliac crest on hip bone

Visceral

closest to organ, innermost serous membranes

Parietal

lines the wall of the body cavity, outermost serous membranes

Diaphragm

Divides body into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Mediastinum

Contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs

Organ

composed of 2 or more tissues, has a definite shape, performs specific instructions

Organ system

Group of organs that function in a coordinated manner to perform specific functions

Integumentary System

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

Skeletal System

Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints

Muscular System

Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons

Lymphatic System

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs

Respiratory System

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages

Digestive System

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs

Nervous System

A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions via electrochemical stimuli. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

Endocrine System

A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.

Cardiovascular System

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Urinary System

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.

Female Reproductive System

Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glances, and associated structures.

Male Reproductive System

Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.