Cardiovascular System

functions of the blood

transportation, protection, regulation

components of blood

55% of blood plasma, 45% is formed elements

proteins

albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

antibodies

protect you when you’re sick

platelets

initiate clotting and prevent you from bleeding to death

albumins

major contributor to blood viscosity, help transport things

globulins

transport things

fibrinogen

help blood to clot

formed elements

erythrocytes and leukocytes

types of leukocytes

neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes

erythrocytes

red blood cell, carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

leukocytes

white blood cells, defend the body against pathogens

hemocytoblast

stem cell for all formed elements of blood

platelets

pieces of a broken up megakaryocyte

hematopoiesis/hemopoiesis

process of making formed elements of blood; located in bone marrow

erythropoiesis

making of erythrocytes

leukopoiesis

making of leukocytes

hypoxia

low oxygen in body tissues

hypoxemia

low oxygen in the blood

stimulates bone marrow to make more erythrocytes

hypoxia, hypoxemia, exercise

hemoglobin

1/3 of erythrocytes

hematocrit

percentage of blood volume made by red blood cells

accelerates/ stimulates leukocytes

body exposed to pathogens

categories of leukocytes

granulocytes and agranulocytes

hemostasis

process that stops bleeding after an injury to a blood vessel

steps on hemostasis

vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, clot formation

vasoconstriction/vascular spasm

muscle spasm/squeese

platelet aggregation

collagen fibers make a platelet plug

clot formation/ coagulation

combination of platelets, fibrin, and clotting factors

2 circuits

pulmonary and systemic circuit

pulmonary circuit

(heart to the lungs back to the heart) The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart through vessels of the

systemic circuit

(starts in the aorta going through the body and back to the heart) The left side of the heart pumps blood to all other tissues of the body and back to the right side of the heart through vessels of the

right side of heart

Blood low on oxygen; receives blood from systemic circuit(used up by the body) and sends blood to the pulmonary circuit

left side of heart

receives blood high in oxygen from the pulmonary circuit and sends it to the systemic circuit.

heart location

mediastinum

base

top of the heart

apex

tip in the bottom of the heart

pericardium

fluid filled sac that surrounds and protects the heart

parietal pericardium

the outer layer of the heart's protective sac/pericardium

epicardium/visceral pericardium

inner layer attached to/covers the surface of the heart

pericardial cavity

space in between the parietal and visceral pericardium; contains pericardial fluid

myocardium

muscle of the heart

endocardium

membranes/lining in the chambers of the heart

chambers of the heart

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

heart wall

parietal cardium> pericardial cavity>visceral pericardium>attached to the myocardium>chambers inside the heart with lining called endocardium

heart valves

atrioventricular and semilunar valves

atrioventricular valve

located between and separate each atrium and ventricle

tricuspid valve

between the right atrium and right ventricle

bicuspid valve/mitral valve

AV valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle ( two cusps)

pulmonary valve

between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery; allows blood to go towards the lungs

aortic valve

between the left ventricle and aorta; goes to the aorta an takes blood to the rest of the body

pulmonary circuit

powered by the right side of the heart

systemic circuit

powered by the left side of the heart

tricuspid valve( right side of the heart)

blood low on oxygen

bicuspid/mitral valve (left side of the heart)

blood high on oxygen

2 arteries

carry blood away from the heart

4 pulmonary veins

carry blood towards the heart

systemic circuit

arteries carry blood high in oxygen and veins carry blood low in oxygen

pulmonary circuit

arteries carry blood low in oxygen and veins carry blood high in oxygen

Atrioventricular valves

hang open in a resting position

semilunar valves

aortic and pulmonary valves; allows blood to leave the heart

semilunar valves

closed in resting position

heart in diastole

atrioventricular valves open, semilunar valves closed

diastole

heart relaxed

systole

heart contracting/squeezing

heart in diastole

mitral/atrioventricular valves open, semilunar valves close

heart in systole

mitral/atrioventricular valves closed, semilunar valves open

myocyte

heart muscle cell

myocyte

auto rhythmic /self depolarizing

sinoatrial node

located on the top of the right atrium/ pace maker

atrioventricular node

located in bottom of the right atrium between the right atrium and ventricle

Atrioventricular bundle

bundle of HIS

EKG

machine that shows a graph where the action potential in the heart

aerobic

metabolism of the heart muscle

2 Coronary arteries

supply blood to the heart and receive blood from the relaxation of the aorta

left coronary artery

coming of the left base of the aorta

right coronary artery

coming off the right base of the aorta

Coronary arteries

receive blood when the aortic valve closes and the back flow of blood coming from the aorta goes into it

left coronary artery

2 major splits: anterior inter ventricular and circumflex artery

right coronary artery

2 major splits: right marginal and posterior inter ventricular

main coronary veins

great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein

coronary veins

take used blood by the heart and dump it into the coronary sinus

coronary sinus

receives blood from all three veins and dumps it into the right atrium

cardiac cycle

complete cycle of contraction and relaxation of the heart

Atrial systole

contraction of the atriums

Atrial systole

caused by the SA node

Atrial diastole

atria relaxes

ventricular systole

contraction of the ventricles

ventricular systole

caused by the bundle branches in the purkinje fibers

ventricular diastole

ventricles relax

controlled by the electrical conduction system

atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole

blood pressure

pressure of the left ventricle in the systemic circuit

blood pressure

systole/diastole= 110/70

heart rate

heart beats per minute

heart rate in children

faster than adults then faster in the elderly

heart beats too fast >100

tachycardia

heart beats too slow <60

bradycardia

heathy heart

heart beat slower and systolic pressure will decrease during rest

stroke volume

how much blood the left ventricle can pump per minute

cardiac output

how much blood travels through the body per 1 minute(indicates how efficient the circulatory system is)