chemistry - TEAS prep

Atomic radius

Average distance between nucleus and outermost electron

An atomic number represents

The number of protons in an atom

in a neutrally charged atom, what is the atomic number equal to?

The number of electrons

Atomic mass is equal to

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons

A = Z + N

An atom has an equal number of ___ to the number of protons in its nucleus

Electrons

Isotopes are

Atoms of the same element varying in the number of neutrons they have

isotopes have the ___ number of protons

Same

(Isotopes)

Stable isotopes are

Isotopes not seen to decay

Radioactive isotopes are

Isotopes with unstable nuclei

Electrons tend to occupy the ___ energy level

Lowest

Stable electrons have…

All electrons at the lowest available positions

Valence electrons are

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom in an uncombined state

The further away an electron is from the nucleus…

the more energy it has

A polar bond is

A covalent bond with a separation of charge

A negative ion is created when

When an atom gains electrons

A positive ion is formed when…

When an atom gains electrons

Ionization is…

The process where neutral particles are ionized into charged particles

Ionic bonding is…

A relationship between two oppositely charged ions

Covalent bonding is when…

Atoms share electrons

Hydrogen bonding is when

Atom of a molecule interacts with a hydrogen molecule

---

are more likely to form covalent bonds

Nonmetals

Electronegative is the measure of…

How capable an atom is of attracting a pair of bonding electrons

Compounds are

Combinations of 2 or more elements

Diatomic elements are…

Naturally occurring pairs of elements

Hydrocarbons are

Organic compounds of just hydrogen and carbon

Alkanes are

Single bonds between carbons

• saturated hydrocarbons

Alkenes are…

Double bonds with 2 carbon atoms

• unsaturated hydrocarbons

Alkynes are

One triple bond between two carbon atoms

• unsaturated hydrocarbons

Prefixes of hydrocarbons are…

1. Meth-

2. Eth-

3. Prop-

4. but-

5. Penta-

6. Hexa-

7. Hepta-

8. Octa-

9. Nona-

10. Deca-

Alcohols are

Saturated hydrocarbons with a hydroxyl group bound with a saturated carbon

• ends in “-ol”

What are ethers?

A substituted hydrocarbon compound containing an oxygen molecule linking two hydrocarbon groups

• -oxy-

• Hydrocarbon - O - Hydrocarbon

What is an aldehyde

A substituted hydrocarbon with an oxygen double bonded to a CH group at the end of a hydrocarbon

• ends in “-al”

What is a ketone?

A substituted hydrocarbon with an oxygen double bonded to a carbon somewhere in a hydrocarbon chain

• “-one”

What is a carboxylic acid

An organic compound with a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl (-OH)

What is a benzene?

Organic compound that is an aromantic hydrocarbon.

• 6 carbons arranged in a ring forming a hexagon with alternating double bonds, single bonded to one hydrogen each

What is an amine

A compound with a nitrogen bound to one or more hydrocarbon groups

• “amino-“ or “-amine”

Reactivity refers to…

The transact got a substance to engage in chemical reactions

What makes a substance have high reactivity?

If it engages in chemical reactions easily

• complete shell of valence = low reactivity bc it doesn’t want to bond to anything

What does periodicity tell us about reactivity?

By grouping elements from left to right, we can predict reactivity. Larger groups on the right have more complete valence electron shells and are less reactive

What are intensive properties of substances?

Properties that do not depend on the amount of matter or quantity of the sample

• will not change if size is increased/decreased

What are extensive properties of substance?

Properties that do depend on the amount of matter or quantity of the sample

• change of size is increased or decreased

What is specific heat?

Heat capacity per unit mass.

• heart required to raise the temperature of a substance

Conduction is…

A form of heat transfer requiring contact

A chemical property is only observed when

A chemical change occurs

Catalysts…

Accelerate chemical reactions

Inhibitors…

Decrease chemical reaction rates

What is an unbalanced equation?

One that does not follow the law of conservation of mass

Octet rule:

Atoms gain or lose electrons until pure shells contain 8

Single replacement is when

One reactant is displaced by another to form a final Product

• a + B + c => b + ac

• can be cationic or anionic

Double replacement is when…

Ions or bonds are exchanged by two compounds to form new compounds

• AC + BD => AD + BC

What is an acid?

A compound that can donate a proton

What is a base?

A compound that can receive a proton

What happens when a proton is donated?

The base becomes a water and the remaining ions form a salt.

What does endothermic mean?

It consumes energy

What does exothermic mean?

It releases energy

What is activation energy?

Minimum energy required by reactant atoms or molecules in order to react

Catalysts are __

Chemicals that accelerate a chemical reaction without being consumed or used as part of the reaction.

What do catalysis do to activation energy?

They lower it.

• because activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required for molecules to react, lowering it makes it possible for more reactions to take place