plants & protists (#11) (copy)

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, animalcules

first observed bacterias & protists in the 17th century using early microscopes;

• he called them _______

(separate answers using comma)

True

TRUE OR FALSE:

Fungi & animal kingdom are both heterotrophic; that’s why we’re both closely related.

protists

eukaryotic organisms that do not fit into plants, animals or fungi;

defined nucleus & organelles;

can be autotrophic, heterotrophic or both;

most live in moist environments such as water or damp soil;

• primarily unicellular (amoeba) or multicellular (seaweed)

cilia

FOR MOVEMENT OF PROTISTS:

short, hair-like projections for movement

• ex. Paramecium’s cilia (has 2 nucleus: micro & macronucleus and pore)

flagella

FOR MOVEMENT OF PROTISTS:

whip-like structures

• ex. Euglena

pseudopodia

FOR MOVEMENT OF PROTISTS:
extensions of the cytoplasm

• ex. Amoeba’s _______ (has contractile, food, & water vacuole)

binary fission

FOR REPRODUCTION OF PROTISTS:

asexual division into 2 identical cells

schizogony, malaria

FOR REPRODUCTION OF PROTISTS:

asexual reproduction where the nucleus divides multiple times before the cell splits into several daughter cells;

multiple fissions produce several offspring

• ex. _______

(separate answers using comma)

budding, yeast

FOR REPRODUCTION OF PROTISTS:

asexual reproduction where a new organism grows out of the parent organism;

• ex. _______

yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisae

undergoes budding;

only multicellular fungi

(give also scientific name of organism)

protozoa

3 PROTIST GROUPS:

animal-like protists;

move & consume organic matter for nutrition;

free-living / parasitic

characterized by movement;

mostly heterotrophs

sarcodina, ciliophora, flagellata, sporozoa

4 protozoa groups

Sarcodina/Rhizopoda

4 PROTOZOA GROUPS:

unicellular organisms that move using pseudopodia;

flexible cell membrane & can change shape

• ex. Entamoeba histolytica → Amoebic dysentery

Ciliophora

4 PROTOZOA GROUPS:

covered w/ cilia, helps in movement & feeding;

have complex structure, 2 types of nuclei (micro & macro);

contractile vacuoles for osmoregulation

• ex. Paramecium

osmoregulation

UNDER PROTOZOA (PROTIST GROUPS):

ciliophora have contractile vacuoles for _____

Flagellata

4 PROTOZOA GROUPS:

move via flagella;

many have a coating of jellylike substance;

reproduce asexually or sexually

• ex. Trypanosoma

Sporozoa/Apicomplexans

4 PROTOZOA GROUPS:

Non-motile, parasitic;

reproduce via spores

• ex. Plasmodium (causes malaria)

algae

3 PROTIST GROUPS:

plant-like protists

photosynthetic organisms that have asymmetrical structure & homogeneous cell wall;

compare based on flagella number, pigments, stored carbohydrates, and effects;

autotrophic

• ex. Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra

2 flagella, unicellular/multicellular

5 ALGAE TYPES: CHLOROPHYTA (GREEN)

no. of flagella:

unicellular or multicellular?:

pigment: chlorophyll a & b

stored carbs: starch

• oxygen production & food for aquatic life

• causes algal bloom

chlorophyll a & b, starch

5 ALGAE TYPES: CHLOROPHYTA (GREEN)

2 flagella (in some species)

unicellular / multicellular

pigment:

stored carbs:

• oxygen production & food for aquatic life

• causes algal bloom

chlorophyta, green

5 ALGAE TYPES:

oxygen production & food for aquatic life;

causes algal bloom → eutrophication;

• ex. Spirogyra

(include color in answer)

eutrophication

overproduction of algae caused by chlorophyta

0 or 1 flagella, multicellular

5 ALGAE TYPES: RHODOPHYTA (RED)

no. of flagella:

unicellular or multicellular?

pigment: chlorophyll a & phycoerythrin

stored carbs: starch

• used for Nori wraps

• releases toxins harmful to marine life

phycoerythrin, starch

5 ALGAE TYPES: RHODOPHYTA (RED)

0 or 1 flagella

multicellular

pigment: chlorophyll a & ________

stored carbs: ______

• used for Nori wraps

• releases toxins harmful to marine life

rhodophyta, red

5 ALGAE TYPES:

used for Nori wraps;

releases toxins harmful to marine life

• ex. Gracilaria

(include color in answer)

2 flagella, multicellular

5 ALGAE TYPES: PHAEOPHYTA (GOLDEN-BROWN)

no. of flagella:

unicellular or multicellular?

pigment: chlorophyll a & c, fucoxanthin

stored carbs: laminarin

• habitat for marine life

• can be invasive

fucoxanthin, laminarin

5 ALGAE TYPES: PHAEOPHYTA (GOLDEN-BROWN)

2 flagella

multicellular

pigment: chlorophyll a & c, _____

stored carbs: ______

• habitat for marine life

• can be invasive

phaeophyta, golden-brown

5 ALGAE TYPES:

habitat for marine life;

can be invasive

• ex. Sargassum

2 flagella, unicellular

5 ALGAE TYPES: BACILLARIOPHYTA (BLUE)

no. of flagella:

unicellular or multicellular?

pigment: chlorophyll a & c, carotenoids

stored carbs: lipids

• essential in aquatic food chain

• HABs (harmful algae blooms)

carotenoids, lipids

5 ALGAE TYPES: BACILLARIOPHYTA (BLUE)

2 flagella

unicellular

pigment: chlorophyll a & c, ______

stored carbs: ______

• essential in aquatic food chain

• HABs (harmful algae blooms)

Bacillariophyta, blue

5 ALGAE TYPES:

essential in aquatic food chain;

HABs (harmful algae blooms)

• ex. Diatoms (Navicula)

1-2 flagella, unicellular

5 ALGAE TYPES: EUGLENOPHYTA (green)

no. of flagella:

unicellular or multicellular?

pigment: chlorophyll a & b

stored carbs: paramylum

• oxygen/ food production

• toxic in large quantities

• has “eyes”

chlorophyll a & b, paramylum

5 ALGAE TYPES: EUGLENOPHYTA (green)

1-2 flagella

unicellular

pigment: _____ _____

stored carbs: ______

• oxygen/ food production

• toxic in large quantities

• has “eyes”

Euglenophyta

5 ALGAE TYPES:

oxygen/food production;

toxic in large quantities;

has “eyes”

• ex. Euglena

fungi-like protists

3 PROTIST GROUPS:

resemble fungi in their mode of nutrition by decomposing organic material

acrasiomycota

3 GROUPS OF FUNGI-LIKE PROTISTS:

cellular slime molds;

unicellular or aggregate into muticellular (food scarce)

• ex.

Myxomycota

3 GROUPS OF FUNGI-LIKE PROTISTS:

plasmodial slime molds / stage;

unique life cycle; large multinucleated cell

• ex.

Oomycota, zoospores

3 GROUPS OF FUNGI-LIKE PROTISTS:

water molds (causes plant diseases);

cell walls made of cellulose;

reproduce via ______

charophytes

kind of algae that are the ancestor of plants

cuticle

EVOLUTION OF PLANTS (WATER → LAND):

reduces water loss

stomata

EVOLUTION OF PLANTS (WATER → LAND):

regulates gas exchange

vascular tissue

EVOLUTION OF PLANTS (WATER → LAND):

supports height and transports water/nutrients

bryophytes

PLANT GROUPS:

lacks vascular tissues (xylem & phloem);

rely on diffusion

• ex. Sphagnum moss

gametophyte, antheridium & archegonium

PLANT GROUPS: BRYOPHYTES

dominant: _____

repro. through: ______ (sperm) & ______ (eggs)

pteridophytes

PLANT GROUPS:

have vascular tissues

• ex. Nephrolepsis exaltata

sporophyte, sporangia

PLANT GROUPS: PTERIDOPHYTES

dominant: _____

repro. through: _____ (located on fronds)

gymnosperms

2 MAIN PLANT GROUPS:

exposed seeds;

non-flowering plants;

have vascular tissues

• ex. pine trees

sporophyte, cones or strobili

2 MAIN PLANT GROUPS: GYMNOSPERMS

dominant: _____

repro. through: _____

alternation of generation

LIFE CYCLE OF PLANTS:

plant exhibit alternating between diploid (sporophyte) & haploid (gametophyte)

• diploid - 2n & haploid - n

angiosperms, sporophyte

2 MAIN PLANT GROUPS:

dominant gen.: _______

enclosed seeds in fruits

flowering plants, fruits;

have vascular tissues (advanced)

• ex. Hibiscus rosa sinensis & roses

anthophyta

only division for flowering plants (angiosperms)

monoecious

GENERAL CHARACS. OF PLANTS:

both male (antheridium) and female (archegonium) reproductive structures on the same plant

• ex. coconuts

dioecious

GENERAL CHARACS. OF PLANTS:

separate male and female plants

• ex. papaya

protandrous

GENERAL CHARACS. OF PLANTS:

male structures mature before female

• ex. bakawan

protogynous

GENERAL CHARACS. OF PLANTS:

female strucs. mature before male

• ex. avocado - Persea americana

microsporophyll

ADD. KEY CONCEPTS OF PLANTS:

leaf-like structures that bear microspores (male gametes)

• in gymnosperms

megasporophyll

ADD. KEY CONCEPTS OF PLANTS:

strucs. that bear megaspores (female gametes)

• in gymnosperms

spores

ADD. KEY CONCEPTS OF PLANTS:

unicellular & can develop into a gametophyte

seeds

ADD. KEY CONCEPTS OF PLANTS:

multicellular & contain an embryo