AnaPhy_Unit1&2

Anatomy

a study of the different body parts or structures of the body.

Anatomy

means to dissect or cut apart and separate parts of the body for study

Developmental Anatomy

studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood

Embryology

conception to the end of the eight week of development

Cytology

examines cells

Histology

examines tissues

Physiology

study of processes and functions of the body

cellular physiology and systemic physiology

level of study of physiology

cellular physiology

examines processes occurring in cells

systemic physiology

considers the functions of organ system

anatomical anomalies

physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern, either relatively harmless or life-threatening.

gross anatomy

study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope

basic approaches

systemic anatomy and regional anatomy

systemic anatomy

study of the body by organ system

regional anatomy

study of body area by area(region by region); specific locations

internal structures study

surface anatomy and anatomical imaging

surface anatomy

studies the external part of the body to visualize structure deeper inside the body; especially the skin

pathology

science dealing with all aspects of disease

six levels of organization

chemical level, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism level

chemical level

how atoms interact and combine into molecules. molecules structure determines its function

cell level

are the basic structural and functional units of all living organism

organelle

smaller structures inside cells

tissue level

composed of simillar cells; epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

organ level

composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions

organ system level

a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.

!1 organ systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic. respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

1. outer layer- skin

2. bones

3. muscles

4. glands

5. brain, spinal cord, nerves

6. glands

7. lymph + immunity

8. breathing

9. digestion

10. kidneys. bladder- filters

11. male and female, reproduction

organism level

any living things considered as a whole

characteristics of life

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction

organization

how parts of the body are arranged and their interrelationship

metabolism

ability to use energy for functioning; organisms possess specialized proteins that break down food molecules

responsiveness

ability to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments

growth

increase in size and quantity of cells

development

changes in function, structure, and type of cell; begins with fertilization and ending at death

differentiation

changes in a cells structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature specialized state

morphogenesis

changes in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism

reproduction

formation of new cells/organisms

homeostatic control mechanisms

negative-feedback mechanism & positive-feedback mechanism

negative feedback mechanism

to decrease or deviate from the set point

stimulus

a changed factor

positive feedback mechanism

intensifies, not homeostatic and rare. ex: child birth and blood clotting

homeostasis

state of constant balance/equilibrium in the internal environment. homeo: same, stasis: standing still

homeostatic mechanism

normally maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value

variables

changes in environmental conditions, values that are not constant

set point

ideal value

normal range

aceeptable range of values on which homeostasis can still be met

ectotherm

cold blooded

endoderm

warm-blooded

average body temperature

98.6* F / 37*C

components to maintain homeostasis

receptors, control center, effector

receptors

senses changes and sends to brain, monitors and detects stimuli

control center

• brain

analyzes information and determines set point. receives info abt the variable

effector

provides the mean to control the value of a variable, directed by the control center

anterior/ventral

front, towards belly

posterior/dorsal

back, towards back

proximal

closer to the point of attachment/origin

distal

farther from the point of attachment/origin

lateral

away from midline

medial

towards midline

superficial

nearer to skin

deep

farther from skin

supine

lying face upward

prone

lying face downward

superior/cephalic

higher/above; closer to head

inferior/caudal

lower/below; closer to tail

directional terms

superior, inferior, anterior,, and so on

body parts and region- central region

head, neck, trunk

three regions of trunk

thorax, abdomen, pelvis

abdomen

digestive organs

thorax

chest cavity (heart and lungs)

pelvis

bladder and reproductive organs

upper limb

a. arm (shoulder to elbow)

b. forearm (elbow to wrist)

c. wrist

d. hand

lower limb

a. thigh - hip to knee

b.leg- knee to ankle

c. ankle

d. foot

head, forehead, eye, nose, mouth, ear, cheek, chin, neck

cephalic, frontal, orbital, nasal, oral, otic, buccal, mental, cervical

trunk- thoracic, chest, breastbone, breast, abdomen, navel, pelvis, groin, genital

thorax, pectoral, sternal, mammary, abdominal, umbilical, pelvic, inguinal, pubic

upper limbs- between hips, buttock, perineum

sacral, gluteal, perineal

lower limbs- hollow behind knee, calf, sole, heel

popliteal, sural, plantar, calcaneal

upper l- collarbone, armpit, arm, front of elbow, forearm, hand, wrist, palm, fingers

clavicular, axillary, brachial, antecubital. antebrachial, manual, carpal, palmar, digital

lower l- hip, thigh, kneecap, leg, foot, ankle, top of foot, toes, skull, base of skull, base of neck, front of elbow, forearm

coxal, femoral, patellar, crural, pedal, talus, dorsum, digital, cranial, occipital, nuchal, antecubital antebrachial

trunk- back, shoulder blade, spinal column, lumbar

dorsal, scapular, vertebral, loin