History of Psych Ch 11 & 12

What was the first stage of Early US Psychology

Moral and Mental Philosophy

What is Stage 2 of Early US Psychology?

Intellectual Philosophy

During what stage did psychology become a separate discipline?

Intellectual Philosophy

What was the third stage of early US Psychology?

US Renaissance

During what stage did psych become an empirical science?

US Renaissance

When did psychology began emphasizing individual differences, adaptation to environment, and practicality 

US Renaissance

What is stage 4 of early US Psych?

Functionalism

Functionalism emphasized

the individual and evolutionary theory

What school of thought opposed the elementalism of structuralism?

Functionalism

Why wasn’t functionalism a well defined school?

Didn’t have one recognized leader or agreed upon methodology

What was the focus of functionalism?

Understand the function of the mind and how organism adapts to its environment

Functionalism urged the use of any methodology that was

useful

Functionalism is more ideographic than nomothetic meaning that they focus on…

individual differences rather than similarities

Who directly/indirectly influenced Functionalism?

James

The belief that if an idea works, it is valid to study

Pragmatism

Radical Empiricism

all consistently reported aspects of human experience are worth of study

Who practiced pragmatism and radical empiricism?

James

James opposed who’s approach to psych?

Wundt

James believed consciousness is

personal, continuous, always changing, selective, and functional

James believed habits (instincts) are formed as

an activity is repeated

James believed in __ components of self

3

What are the three components of self that James discussed?

material, social, and spiritual

Who was the first to exam self esteem?

James

Who was the first to study motivation?

Functionalists

Event (stimulus) causes a bodily reaction/behavior, which is then experienced as an emotion

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

James believed science must assume ____

determinism and free will

Who introduced the Ideo-motor theory of behavior?

James

• An idea of an action precedes and causes that action

• In most cases, ideas and actions flow immediately and automatically producing habitual or reflexive behavior

Ideo-motor theory of behavior

James: For voluntary behavior, ideas of various behavioral possibilities are retained from

Past experiences

What is the cornerstone of functionalism?

Pragmatism

• Behaviors, thoughts, or beliefs must be judged by their consequences

• If it works for the individual than it is appropriate

• Truth must be judged by its effectiveness in the situation

Pragmatism

Disagreed with James on many points regarding behavior and consciousness

Munsterberg

Stated that behavior causes ideas rather than ideas cause behavior as James had stated

Munsterberg

Who was one of the first applied psychologists? (Clinical psych, Reciprocal antagonism, Forensic psych, and Industrial psych)

Munsterberg

• She took (unofficially) the PHD examination but couldn't receive her degree

  • She was offered a degree from Radcliffe College (affiliated with Harvard) but refused

Mary Whilton Calkins

Who developed self-psychology?

Calkins

Calkins used a ________ to study the influence of frequency, recency, and vividness on memory

paired-associate technique

Organized the first psychology laboratory in the US

G Stanley Hall

• Founded the first psychology journal, American Journal of Psychology

• Helped organize and was first president of the American Psychological Association

Hall

Halls recapitulation theory states that the development of an individual through their lifetime mirrors

the evolution of the species

Influenced developmental psych

Hall

His work in this area did much to stimulate educational psychology and start the child development movement in the US

Hall

When did Hall believe a good time to study human instinctual makeup is?

Adolescence

Hall’s last grad student and first african american to receive a phd in psych

Sumner

Argued for segregated higher education; however, evidence indicates that his public statements did not match his private beliefs and activities

Sumner

Him and his wife did pioneer work on the developmental effects of prejudice, discrimination, and segregation on children

Clark

Formal beginning of functionalism is through who’s work?

Dewey

Dewey proposed that the three elements of the reflex are

sensory processes, brain processes, and motor responses

Influential in creating “progressive” education, which stated that education should be student-oriented and not subject-oriented and students should learn by doing

Dewey

• Presented the three major points of functionalism

  • Functional psych is interested in mental operations, not conscious elements

  • Mental processes mediate between the needs of the organism and the environment. Mental functions help the organism survive

  • Mind and body cannot be separated, they act as a unit in an organisms struggle for survival

Angell

Believed learning was a major concern of functionalism

Carr

Who proposed the adaptive act?

Carr

What did Carr believe were the three components of the adaptive act?

motive that acts as a stimulus, environment setting, and response that satisfies the motive

• Proposed that psychology should be applying its methods in all human activity because that is what humans do

• Through his many editorships and ownerships of journals, he advanced the discipline of psychology and particularly functional psychology

Cattell

Who introduced dynamic psychology?

Woodworth

Formulated the symbols S-O-R (external stimuli, organism, response) to include the organism and particularly the organisms motivation (external stimulus affect the cognition or emotion of people, which then generate a response) - for a response to take place, organism has to be motivated to do so

Woodworth

Studied animal intelligence, but was guilty of anthropomorphizing (attributing human thought processes to nonhuman animals)

Romanes

Who said “in no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of the exercise of a higher psychical faculty, if it can be interpreted as the outcome of the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale”

Morgan

Morgan believed you should not explain animal behaviors in higher mental processes if …

it can be explained by lower ones

Thorndike used what apparatus to study trial and error?

Puzzle box

What animal did Thorndike use in his studies?

Cats

Thorndike believed learning is …

incremental, automatic, and applicable to all mammals

Developed psychs first major learning theory, which combined associationism and hedonism (highest good of human)

Thorndike

States that if an association is followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” it will be strengthened, if it is followed by an “annoying state of affairs” it will be weakened (Thorndike)

Law of Effect

States that the more often an association is practiced the stronger it becomes (Thorndike)

Law of exercise

____ went on to abandon the law of exercise and discarded the second part of the law of effect

Thorndike

States that the extent to which info learned in one situation will transfer to another situation is determined by the similarity between the two situations

Theory of Transfer

Sechenov sought to explain all psychic phenomena on the basis of

associationism and materialism

Believed thoughts do not cause behavior. Behavior is triggered by external stimulation

Sechenov

Believed the only valid approach to the study of psychology involved the objective methods of physiology

Sechenov

Pavlov discovered what by mistake?

conditioned reflex

What was Pavlov originally working on when he made his discovery on conditioned reflexes?

digestive system

Why did Pavlov say reflexes are conditioned?

they depended on something else

are conditional or dependent on the formation of associations or connections between stimulus and a response 

conditioned reflexes

What Pavlov originally called conditioned reflexes

psychic reflexes

Pavlov studied which animals?

dogs

Pavlov was concerned with the experimental ____ and designed special cubicles for the dog and experimenter

control

All central nervous system activity can be characterized as either excitation or inhibition. The pattern of excitation and inhibition that characterizes the brain at any given moment is what Pavlov called the

cortical mosaic

Who studied acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery?

Pavlov

occurs when excitatory and inhibitory tendencies are brought into conflict

experimental neurosis

In Pavlov’s first signal system, stimuli signal…

biologically significant events

In Pavlov’s second signal system, humans learn to

respond to symbols of physical events

Pavlov thought the study of consciousness should be studied using

scientifically based methods

the tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a similar response

generalization

the ability to distinguish between the CS and the other stimuli that do not signal the US

discrimination

• Findings: reflex was elicited by other stimuli present with the original stimulus 

• Findings were ignored

Twitmyer

Helped lead psychology away from subjective ideas

Bekhterev

Pavlov published a negative review of his book and they became enemies for life

Bekhterev

• Argued for an objective psychology

  • Almost exclusively concentrated on relationships between environmental stimulation and behavior

Bekhterev

Bekhterev argued for a discipline of

reflexology

• A strictly objective study of human behavior that seeks to understand the relationship between environmental influences and overt behavior

reflexology

What Pavlov called a conditioned reflex, Bechterev called an

association relex

Studied traumatic brain injury and memory

Luria

Studied child cognitive development and higher mental processes such as thought and language 

Vygotsky

Who influenced Watson?

Jacques Loeb

Watson studied which animals?

rats

Watson believed behavior of simple organisms could be explained as being

automatically elicited by stimuli

Tropistic behavior (Watson and Loeb) excludes

mental events

Proposed an experimental study of consumer behavior (applying psych to advertising)

Watson

• Psychological Care of the Infant and Child

  • Strong environmentalist position

  • Recommended objectivity in parent-rearing

  • Also suggested a more regulated upbringing

  • Had the greatest impact of all of his work

Watson