Patho-Exam #1

Incidence

the number of new cases arising in a population during a specific period of time

Prevalence

a measure of existing disease in a population at a given time .

morbidity

describes the effects an illness has on a person’s life

Mortality 

pertains to the cause of death in a given population

primary prevention

removing risk factors, so disease does not occur

secondary prevention

detecting disease while still curable

tertiary prevention

preventing further damage and reducing complications of the disease

clinical practice guidelines

algorithms and written directives

Atrophy

decrease in cell size

hypertrophy

increase in cell size

hyperplasia

increase in the number of cells

metaplasia

replacement of adult cells

dysplasia

deranged cell growth of a specific tissue

calcification

deposits of Ca+ and other minerals in tissues

what is dysplasia associated with?

chronic irritation and inflammation

Cells adapt to what?

-changes in the internal environment

-increased work demands

Cells adapt by changing in?

-size

-number

-form

The causes of cell injury

-injury from physical agents

-radiation injury

-chemical injury

-biologic agents

-nutrition imbalances

reversible cell injury

impairs cell function, but does not result in cell death

programmed cell removal= apoptosis

cellular suicide

Necrosis

cell death in an organ and interferes with cell replacement

What are the stages of GAS?

-alarm stage→ fight or flight stage releasing cortisol and adrenaline

-resistance stage→ body tries to cope and adapt

-exhaustion→ resources depleted; lead to illness

physiological effects of chronic stress

-cardiovascular

-GI

-neuro

-immune

reactions to acute stress

-alertness

-attention

-appropriate aggression

-cognition

-vigilance

Cause of inflammation

-trauma

-surgery

-chemicals

-heat & cold

-ischemic damage

3 phases of acute inflammation

-vascular phase→ increased blood flow & increased capillary permeability

-cellular phase→ WBCs arrive

-phagocytosis

Inflammation manifestations

-elevated ESR & CRP

-increase in WBCs

-Fever

-Sepsis

Stages of wound healing

-inflammatory phase

-proliferative phase

-remodeling phase

causes of impaired wound healing

-age

-foreign bodies

-infection

-impaired inflammatory and immune responses

-impaired blood flow and oxygen delivery

-malnutrition 

-wound seperation

infectious disease

disease brought by interaction with another organism

microflora

good bacteria that lives on exposed surfaces of the body

virulence

the disease inducing potential

what are the modes of transmission

-penetration

-direct contact

-ingestion

-inhalation

Clinical manifestation cues

-specific→ reflects site of infection

-nonspecific→ shared by other diverse infectious diseases

-obvious→ predictable signs

-covert→ require lab testing 

Virulence factors that enhance their ability to cause diseases

-toxins

-adhesion factors

-evasive factors→ hide from the immune system

invasive factors→ spread deeper

primary endocrine disorders

originate in target gland responsible for producing hormones

secondary endocrine disorders

target gland normal, function altered by defective levels of hormones

tertiary disorder

disfunction of the hypothalamus while the pituitary and target organ is understimulated

Thyroid hormone function

-increase metabolism & protein synthesis

-influence growth and development

Hypothyroidism

-decreased metabolic rate

-elevated serum cholesterol

Hyperthyroidism

-increased metabolic rate

-increased SNS

Hyperthyroidism Manifestations

-anxiety

-increased CO

-tachycardia and palpitations

-diarrhea and increased appetite

-dyspnea

-diaphoresis

-thin skin and hair

-weight loss

Hypothyroidism Manifestations

-sluggish

-myxedema

-somnolence

-decreased cardiac output

-constipation

-decreased appetite

-cold intolerance

-dry skin and hair

-weight gain

With Addison’s disease which hormones are deficient and which are elevated?

-ACH deficient

-ACTH are elevated due to lack of feedback

Addison’s Disease Manifestations

-weight loss

-fatigue and weakness

-GI issues

-abdominal pain

-Orthostatic hypotension

-hyponatremia

-hyperkalemia

-hyperpigmentation

-autoimmune conditions

Cushing disease is due to ?

-pituitary problem with excess ACTH by a tumor

-adrenal form from a adrenal tumor

-nonpituitary ACTH-secreting tumor

Cushing disease manifestations

-fat metabolism

-weakness

-osteoporosis

-derangement in glucose metabolism

-hypokalemia 

-hypertension

-gastric secretion increases

-acne 

Type 1 Diabetes ( no insulin) manifestations

-polyuria

-polydipsia

-polyphagia

-weight loss

Type 2 Diabetes

-metabolic syndrome

What are glucose regulating hormones?

Insulin and glucagon

Insulin is secreted by

the pancreas

glucagon

maintains blood glucose & stimulate liver to breakdown stored glycogen to increase blood glucose

Metabolic Syndrome 

-HTN 

-increased waist circumference 

-low hdl

-elevated trigylcerides

FBG rate for pre-diabetes

100-125mg/dl

FBG for diabetes

>126mg/dl

Normal HgA1C for patient without diabetes

less than 6%

A1C reflects what ?

average blood glucose over the past 2-3 months

Goal HgA1C for good diabetes

less than 7%

Diabetes acute complications

-hypoglycemia

-DKA

Diabetes chronic complications

-microvascular→ eyes, kidneys, nerves

-macrovascular→ heart, brain, lower extremities

Prediabetes BG is ?

more than 100 mg/dL

aldosterone functions

sodium and water balance

cortisol function

-regulates metabolic functions

-controls inflammatory responses

-essential for stress

Type 1 Diabetes manifestations

-polyuria

-polydipsia

-polyphagia

-weight loss

metabolic syndrome are early markers of ?

insulin resistance

Patho of DKA

-litle to no insulin available to move glucose in cells

-body thinks that it’s starving → it stimulates glucose by the liver, muscles, and fatty tissue

-glucose level rises leading to particles in the blood and

-cells use a fuel alternative → build up of ketones

-osmotic diuresis leads to→ dehydration