Western Civ Chapter 11 Test

SHORT ANSWER 11-1 : what factors caused widespread death throughout Europe?

widespread death in Europe was caused by famine from the Little Ice Age and soil exhaustion, which weakened the population, and by the Black Plague which started in 1347, which spread through fleas on rats and caused deadly symptoms like fever and swollen bubbles.

SHORT ANSWER 11-1 : how did people react to the arrival of the plague in western Europe?

people reacted to the plague with fear and desperation. many looked towards spiritual comfort, but others felt abandoned by God and believed the plague was a punishment for collective guilt. Some joined flagellant confraternities, whipping themselves in public to atone for sins, while others blamed scapegoats like Jews, leading to violence and persecution.

SHORT ANSWER 11-1: what opportunities emerged because of the devastating loss of life from the plague?

the devastating loss of life from the plague created new opportunities for survivors. with fewer workers, labor became scarce, so wages rose. at the same time, rents dropped as landowners competed to attract tenants, giving peasants and workers more bargaining power.

SHORT ANSWER 11-2 : what caused the Hundred Years war?

When did it start?

caused by disputes over land, control of trade, and a conflict over the French throne (dynastic reasons) after the death of the French king, when England's King Edward III claimed he had a right to rule France.

• began in 1337

SHORT ANSWER: what were the goals of the revolts in the 14th century?

the goals of the 14th-century revolts were primarily driven by economic hardship and social inequality. people in Europe asked their rulers for:

Lower taxes and fairer treatment.

Better working conditions and higher wages.

Relief from feudal obligations and greater political representation.

SHORT ANSWER: indentify factors that contriubted to the papacys loss of prestige

• opulent appearance and corruption eroded public trust

• the sale of benefices and indulgences = moral decay

• Disputes over papal succession lead to weak or controversial popes

• manipulated of Conclave system - popes abdicated or faced forced resignation

SHORT ANSWER: why was clement in no hurry to reach the papal power in rome

wanted to stay safe from political climate and enjoyed support from France

SHORT ANSWER: explain how the byzantine empire finally came to an end.

• Ottomans steadily added new territory

• they whittled down the Byzantine Empire until it was little more than its capital and surrounding region

• 1453 Constantinople falls to the Ottomans- which ended the Byzantine Empire.

When and Where did the Black Plague begin?

1347, in Central Asia

Another name for the Black Death

Bubonic Plague

Frequency of the Black Plague

Approximately every 10 years

How did the Plague spread?

Spread by an insect vector or a flea on rats (aboard merchant ships + carans moving through trade routes across Europe and Asia)

Spiritual comfort sought by laypeople during the plague

They sought a deeper involvement in religious life.

Who were the Plague saints?

St. Sebastian and St. Roch

What are Confraternities?

Associations dedicated to the public performance of acts of charity and penance during the plague.

What was the flagellants movement?

A movement when thousands of Christians roamed around Europe whipping themselves in hope that this would appease God's righteous anger against human wickedness and sin.

Artificial poison target

poor, beggars, and members of religious orders

What date did the Hundred Years' War start?

1337

Key position in Battle of Crecy

the longbow

Winner of the Battle of Crecy, Poitiers, and Agincourt

English

What happened in the Battle of Poitiers?

• Black Prince (Edward, Edward III's son) leads English

• King of France (John II) was captured, taken to england, and held for ransom

Location of King of France during Battle of Poitiers

England

French Army strategy

Included conscription and adherence to chivalry.

Conscription

Military draft; involuntary recruitment of soldiers from among the people

Chivalry

Code of military and courtly conduct among the nobility that valued mercy in battle, Christian duty, and defense of women

English Army Strategy

Utilized chevauchées for quick raids and disruption.

(hired commanders who promised to recruit troops; this system was expensive but more reliable)

Flanders revolt rank

• peasants, prosperous textile merchants, and poorer workers in the cities

• Tax revolt by against the count of Flanders

Response to the Flanders Revolt

the count and Flemish nobles appealed to the French king for help and the rebellion was brutally suppressed

Jaquerie Revolt (and location)

FRANCE: much oppressed peasants gave resistance to plundering soldiers, and quickly turned toward nobility

Response to the Jaquerie Revolt

forced the government to make political concessions to the merchants who sought reform and the French army defeated the Rebel forces

Ciompi Revolt (rank and location)

FLORENCE: workers and well-to-do italians

Ciompi Revolt

increasingly dissatisfied with the way they were being governed, taxed, and excluded from political decisions

Response to Ciompi Revolt

minor guild gained political power they desired

Peasants' revolt (rank and location)

ENGLAND: Well-to-do peasants, merchants, artisans, craftworkers, and farmers

explain Peasants' revolt

First large scale rebellion of commoners

• had no political representation at the king's court and wanted some say about taxes.

Response of the Peasants' revolt of England

King Richard and a company of his nobles put down the revolt and rebels were slaughtered or executed

End result of all revolts

it ended without having significantly altered the society that the rebels sought to change

Avignon Papacy started in (date)

1305

When Clement the V made most Frenchmen cardinals what did that ensure?

ensuring that the succeeding 7 popes all came from France

What was the papacy derived of?

financial and military independence

The Avignon papacy was the occasion of?

The Great Schism and its aid to its continuance

Describe the Avignon papacy court?

• court resembled those of the wealthiest secular rulers

• Known for its lavishness and the appointment of many French cardinals = perception of corruption and favorism

Why was it difficult for the pope to collect income?

the residence in Avignon made it difficult; income from church lands, tithes, and donations from faithful across europe reduced reduced

• widespread conviction of being a worldly institution weakened their authority to enforce traditional laws across europe

What were new sources of revenue?

payment for resolution of ecclesiastical disputes, annulment of marriages, and for issuing indulgences to sinners seeking forgiveness

No matter how hard the Avignon papacy tried to reassert the moral authority of their office they always had to contend with the what?

widespread conviction that the papacy had become a worldly institution more interested in its own financial health than its spiritual health

When did the Great Schism begin?

1378

Who did the cardinals elect as the new pope after Pope Gregory died?

Urban VI

Why did the Cardinals declare the election of Urban VI invalid?

because they had been under duress

After claiming the election was invalid who did they elect as new pope?

Clement VII

Who did the English King support?

the pope at Rome

council of Pisa? date?

cardinals gathered in 1409 in attempt to solve the problem of multiple popes

• they disposed old popes and elected Alexander V

Council of Constance? date?

resolved the Great Schism;

• Roman Pope was forced to resign

• church officials imprisoned third pope (alexander v)

• 1417: Avignon pope gave in

• council elected Martin V (reuniting chuch)

Men and women of what descent held a privileged position in Ottoman society?

Turkish

Ottoman turks regarded all non-muslims as?

2nd class subjects of the empire

After conquest of Constantinople what was Constantinople called?

Istanbul

The Ottoman ruler relocated the Jews from ….. to …………. where?

Balkans and Anatolia to his new capital to help revive the economy

Papacy's Loss of Prestige

Caused by corruption, opulence, and succession issues