Exam 2 psych

primary motor cortex

primary motor cortex

first gyrus in front of central sulcus

frontal lobe

involved in voluntary mvmt

topographical organization of body muscles→ maps the innervation of skeletal muscle groups → motor homunculus

secondary motor areas

anterior to primary motor cortex

programming of mvmt; assemble mvmt sequences

damage- person loses coordination of mvmts

brocas area

located on left, most ventral side of secondary motor area

paul broca

controls articulation of speech

lesions cause broca’s aphasia → impaired word production

broca’s aphasia

impaired word production

unimpaired word comprehension

prefrontal cortex

most anterior part of brain

involved in behavioral planning/organization

anticipating consequences of behavior, decision Making, impulse control

phineas gage

parietal lobe made up of

postcentral gyrus

association cortex/area

frontal lobe

primary somatosensory cortex

secondary motor area

prefrontal cortex

primary somatosensory cortex

in parietal lobe; posterior to central sulcus

processes skin senses, body position and mvmt topographical organization → somatosensory homunculus

sensory areas- projection cortices

association area

in parietal lobe

further sensory info processing

integrates info from other senses

location of obj in space → unilateral neglect

unilateral neglect

ignoring objects on the side opposite to the damage

only can draw one side of clock

occipital lobe contains

visual cortex

primary visual cortex (v1)

5 successive visual cortices

association areas (v4-v5)

sensory areas otherwise known as

projection cortices

visual cortex

in occipital lobe

process visual information

primary visual cortex (V1)

posterior part of occipital lobe

receives visual input from retina

process simple features

topographical organization of visual space (map of retina)

occipital association areas (V4-V5)

recieve input from V1,2,3

further computation

form/shape

movement

color

temporal lobe contains

auditory cortex

wernickes area

inferior temporal cortex

auditory cortex

dorsal part of temporal lobe

projection area

hearing

wernickes area

posterior to auditory cortex, dorsal part of temporal lobe

language comprehension

lesion- impaired word comprehension, word salad

inferior temporal cortex

ventral part of temporal lobe

visual identification of familiar objects

corpus callosum

large band of myelinated axons

carries info btwn 2 hemispheres

women have larger one than men

thalamus

made up of many different nuclei clustered together

acts as sensory relay station —> relays incoming sensory info to the cortex

in charge of senses(not olfaction)

hypothalamus

made up of nuclei

coordinates emotional and motivational fxns (sex, eating, emotion, and aggression)

controls pituitary gland which controls rest of endocrine system

What is each arrow pointing to

top: cerebrum

2nd: corpus callosum

3rd: thalamus

4th: hypothalamus

midbrain

tectum - superior and inferior colliculus

tegmentum- substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

tectum

dorsal portion of midbrain

superior colliculus- vision (coordinated eye mvmt)

inferior colliculus- hearing (location of sound)

tegmentum

ventral side of midbrain

control of movement

substantia nigra- dopamine producing neurons, impacted by parkinsons

ventral tegmental area

plays a role in the rewarding effects of food and rock and roll

hindbrain composed of

pons

cerebellum

medulla

pons

bridge

sensory nuerons pass through on the way to thalamus

motor neurons pass through btwn cerebral cortex and cerebellum

part of the reticular formation (sleep and arousal) (circadian rhythms)

cerebellum

motor coordination and balance, motor learning, cognitive fxns (even language)

medulla

life-sustaining fxns (heart activity and breathing)

ventricles

cavities in brain

lateral ventricles on sides of thalamus

3rd wraps around thalamus

cerebral aqueduct leads to 4th ventricle

contain CSF

spinal cord

cable of neurons

carries signals from the brain to muscles (periphery)

carries sensory info from the periphery (sense organs ) to brain

Hub for reflex arcs

reflex arc

neural pathway that controls a reflex act

reflex act

simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus → response can be muscle contraction or gland secretion

meninges

provide structural support to brain and spinal cord

provide degree of protection against trauma

btwn 2 most innermost layers is CSF

blood brain barrier

provents harmful substances (toxins) from entering the brain

capillary mem cells are tightly packed

fat soluable subs freely pass through

some subs need transport proteins to get through

some areas of brain not protected- area postrema (medulla)- induces vomiting when certain toxins are in bloodstream

what area of the brain is not protected by the BBB?

- area postrema (medulla)- induces vomiting when certain toxins are in bloodstream

how many cranial and spinal nerves?

12 pairs of CN

31 SPinal nerves

CN 1

olfactory

smell

list cranial nerves

CN1- Olfactory

CN2- Optic

CN3-Oculomotor

CN4- troclear

CN5- trigeminal

CN6- Abducens

CN7- facial

CN8- vestibular/auditory

CN9- glossopharyngeal

CN10- Vagus

CN11- Accessory

CN12- hypoglossal

CN2

optic

vision

CN3

oculomotor

eye muscle mvmt

CN4

trochlear

eye muscle mvmt

CN5

trigeminal

facial sensations and jaw muscle

CN6

abducens

eye muscles

CN7

facial

facial muscles and taste

CN8

vestibular/auditory

balance

CN9

glossopharyngeal

taste, throat and tounge muscles

CN10

vagus

sensation from trunk, internal organs

CN11

Accessory

neck muscles

CN12

hypoglossal

tounge

somatic NS

has motor neurons- carry signals from CNS to skeletal muscles

sensory neurons- infro from sensory organs to CNS

autonomic NS

regulates body’s general activity level

controls smooth muscle, heart, glands

sympathetic and parasympathetic

sympathetic ns

speeds up bodily processes such as heartbear, respiration, blood pressure and sweat glands

originate from middle of spinal cord

passes through synpathetic ganglion chain

parasympathetic ns

slows bodily processes back down

originates from ends of spinal cord

development of NS

• 1. Proliferation 

  • Neurons divide and multiply at extreme rate

  • Occurs on lining of ventricular zone  

• 2. Migration 

  • Neurons migrate to final location by climbing radial glial cells 

• 3. Circuit formation 

  • Neurons send developing axons to make synapses with target cells 

  • Growth cone develops at tips of developing axons and move towards final targets using chemical/molecular signals 

• 4. Circuit pruning 

  • Extra neurons that have developed die

  • Eliminates large numbers of extra synapses-> refines the organization 

  • 5. Plasticity 

    • Ability of synapses to be modified by experience-> learning 

    • Dec with age- cortical association areas are more likely to retain their plasticity

proliferation step of development of ns

1st step

neuron divide and multiply at extreme rate

occurs on lining of ventricular zone

migration step of development of ns

2nd step

neurons migrate to final location by climbing radial glial cells

circuit formation step of development of ns

3rd step

neurons send developing axons to make synapses with target cells

growth cone develops at tips of developing axons and moves towards final targets

circuit pruning step of development of ns

4th step

extra neurons that have developed die

refines organization by eliminating large #s of extra synapses

plasticity step of development of ns

last step

ability of synapses to be modified by experience→ learning

dec with age- cortical association areas more likely to retain plasticity

drug

chemical substance theat changes the body or its fxning

psychoactive drugs

have psychological effects

anxiety, relief, hallucinations

agonist

mimics of enhances the effect of a NT

having same effect on receptor or inc effect of NT on receptor

blocking reuptake or degradation of nt

morphine - agonist of endorphins

antagonist

blocks or reduces effect of NT

binding to receptor and not activating it

addiction

preoccupation with obtaining drug

compulsive use of drug

high tendency to relapse after quitting

withdrawal

negative reaction when drug use is stopped

symptoms often are the opposite of effects of the drugs (withdrawal from elation drug → depression during withdrawal)

dependence

need to keep using drug to avoid withdrawal

tolerance

inc amts of drug are required to produce the same results

mostly due to reduction in # and/or sensitivity of receptor to the drug

opiates

derived from opium poppy

opium-5700 bc

morphine- early 1800→ effective treatment of intense pain (most powerful)

heroin- late 1800s- initially sold OTC, highly soluable in lipids (BBB)

codeine- cough suppressant

analgesic

hypnotic (sleep inducing)

produce euphoria

addictive

agonist of endogenous opioids , bind to opiate receptors

depressants

ethanol, barbituates, benzodiazapines

ethanol

produced from fermented fruits and grains

complex action

high doses- sedative

low doses- stimulant

addictive- withdrawal involves tremors, anxiety, mood and sleep, delirium tremens - hallucinations, seizures, death

antagonist of glutamate, agonist of GABA (binding to GABA r)

binding of GABA and ethanol stretches channel to allow entry of ethanol

facilitates opening of Cl- channels→ hyperpolarization of mem

barbituates

high doses- sedative and hypnotic

low doses- inhibits cortical centers that inhibit behavior → talkativeness

antagonist of glutamate

agonist of GABA- in high doses can open Cl- channels even without GABA

benzodiazepines

created to be safe alternatives to barbituates for anxiety treatment

cannot open Cl- channels on own

produce anxiolytic (anxiety reducing), sedative, antiseizure, and muscle relaxing properties

addictive

stimulants

inc activity of CNS

produces euphoria, inc alertness

used to be legal OTC and in coca cola

agonist of dopamine and serotonin→ block reuptake

addictive

withdrawal- depression and anxiety

can cause brain damage- > loss of grey matter in prefrontal and temporal areas

impairment in executive fxns and memory

amphetamines, nicotine, caffiene

amphetamines

meth, speed, crank, crystal

produce euphoria, inc in confidence, alertness and concentration

agonist of dopamine and norepinephrine by inc in release in synaptic cleft

high doses- hallucinations, psychotic symptoms

chronic use- loss of grey matter in many regions

nicotine

primary psychoactive and addictive agent in tobacco

short puffs- stimulating

long puffs- relaxing

agonist of Ach and dopamine

addictive

withdrawal- nervousness,anxiety, drowsiness, headaches

caffiene

inc arousal, alertness and dec sleepiness

acts as agonist of dopamine and ACH→ inc release

block adenosine receptors→ have sedative effects

withdrawal- headaches, fatigue, anxiety, craving

psychedelics

cause perceptual distortions

LSD

ecstasy

angel dust

LSD

produces sensory distortions, hallucinations

binds to serotonin receptors

Ecstasy

MDMA

low doses- inc energy, sociability and sexual arousal

high doses- like LSD

blocks dopamine, norepi, and serotonin reuptake

high doses- kills serotonin neurons, hippocampus damage

angel dust

PCP, ketamine

dissociative effects→ schizo like symptoms

inhibit NMDA glutamate receptors m

marijuana

THC major psychoactive ingrediant→ concentrated in dried resin of plant→ hashish

THC → agonist of NT anandamide and 2-AG by binding to R

anandamide and 2-AG play impt role in regulation of mood, memory appetite and pain perceptions

withdrawal- anxiety, irritability, stomach cramps

withdrawal avoidance hypothesis

addiction is caused by desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms

considered correct to a certain point

does not explain use of drug before dependence develops, return to drug use after withdrawal has subsided, poor correlation btwn addictiveness of drug and severity of withdrawal symptoms

paraventricular/periaquductal gray

region of midbrain

may be key region of withdrawal

inject morphine into that part of brain→ rats did not press lever after morphine stopped being given

ventral tegmental area

involved in addiction in brain

pleasure center of brain

medial forebrain bundle

pathway from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens

mesolimbic pathway

composed of:

nucleus accumbens

medial forebrain bundle

ventral tegmental area

general reward system

reward certain behaviors for survival purposes

electrical stimulation of medial forebrain bundle is rewarding in rats→ inc dopamine levels in NAcc

nucleus accumbens

rich in dopamine receptors

all drugs inc dopamine levels in NAcc

reducing dopamine levels in NAcc dec rewarding effects of drug

mesocorticolimbic dopamine system

changes in synaptic connections/signaling

• inc for drugs, dec for normal stimuli

hypofrontality- reduced activity in frontal regions→ impulsivity→ inc chance of relapsing

pharmacological treatments of dependence

agonist treatments (nicotine gum, methadone)

antagonist treatments (blocker)

aversive treatments (antabuse)

antidrug vaccines (stim immune syst)

agonist treatments for drug dependence

replace addicting drug with another with similar effect

nicotine gum, methadone for heroin treament

antagonist treatments for drug dependence

involve drugs that block effects of addicting drug

GABAa receptor blocker limits alcohol effects

aversive treatments for drug dependence

cause negative reaction when person take affictive drug

antabuse prevents breakdown of alcohol byproducts, makes you ill when you drink

antidrug vaccine treatments for drug dependence

stimulates immune system to produce antibodies that break down drug

long term action, avoid side effects of other medicines

motivation

set of factors that initiate, sustain and direct behavior

organizes sources of behavior

inability to explain behavior solely in terms of external stimuli

theoretical approaches to motivation

instinct

drive theory

incentive theory

arousal theory

drive theory revised

instinct theory of motivation

complex behavior

automatic, unlearned

occurs in all members of a species

nest building, web building

reflex is too simple

drive theory of motivation

body actively maintains homeostasis for basic tissue needs

departure from homeostasis→ aroused condition→ drive

• lack of nutrients, drop in temp

motivates org to engage in appropriate behavior to restore homeostasis

incentive theory of motivation

individuals are motivated by external stimuli

money, grades