Issue 3: Impacts of the issue on governments and the wider international community

Essay structure

Governments:

1. Unable to provide quality education

2. Unable to provide quality healthcare

3. Operate with corruption

Wider community:

4. Providing aid

5. Brain drain

6. Increased refugees

How are governments impacted by limited development as they cannot provide healthcare?

• Economic stagnation prevents governments from raising taxation which causes health infrastructure to suffer

• Cycle of poor health outcomes and a lack of taxation persist

How much does Malaria cost the African continent annually?

Malaria costs the African continent £10B annually

How much of Pakistan’s population is registered with the National AIDS control programme?

As of 2019, 14.7% of Pakistan’s population is registered with the National AIDS control programme

How are governments impacted by limited development as they are unable to provide quality education?

• Widespread poverty causes limited taxation and therefore educational infrastructure underperforms

• Cycle of lack of education causes poverty and limits taxation, causing economic stagnation to persist and governments being able to increase development

How many teachers in SSA are qualified to teach at the appropriate level?

In SSA, 50% of teachers are qualified to teach at the required level

What percentage of Pakistan’s population can read and write?

Only 58% of adults in Pakistan can read and write at the necessary level

How are governments impacted by limited development as they operate with corruption?

• Widespread poverty can lead to government officials being poor/deprive

• Means that embezzlement is more likely to occur and governments are likely to accept bribes

• Can result in a lack of democratic systems so corrupt governments remain in power

How much is lost annually due to corruption?

According to the World Economic Forum, $3.6T is lost annually due to corruption globally

What is the tax-GDP ratio in Pakistan?

A BTI project reported that in 2021-22 the tax-GDP ratio in Pakistan was 9.2%

How is the wider international community impacted by limited development through providing aid?

• Limited development results in countries being provided with aid from high-income countries

• Can result in scrutiny from electorate and citizens, and can lead to a lack of resources to tackle national issues such as social inequality

How much did the UK ODA provide in international aid in 2024?

In 2024, UK Official Development Assistance provided £4.1B on foreign aid

What did Trump vow to do regarding foreign aid?

Trump vowed to cut $5B in foreign aid to keep the electorate and citizens happy

How is the wider international community impacted by limited development through brain drains?

• Mass migration to high-income countries

• Can boost GDP and taxation of high-income countries

• Provide workers for essential services and infrastructure

How many from SSA seek employment opportunities in Europe?

20% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa seek out employment opportunities in Europe

How many NHS workers are from emerging countries?

According to The Guardian, 15% of NHS workers are from emerging countries such as Pakistan

How is the wider international community impacted by limited development as there are increased refugees?