U2 L2, A&P232

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Chemical senses include

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1

Chemical senses include

  • gustation (taste)

  • olfaction (smell)

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2

Taste and smell chemoreceptors respond to

chemicals in an aqueous solution.

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3

taste

substances dissolved in saliva

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4

Taste receptors, called taste buds, are  mostly found in

  • fungiform and  circumvallate papillae of the tongue.

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5

Each gourd‐shaped taste bud contains

  • gustatory receptor cells equipped with  gustatory hair that contacts the chemicals

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6

gustatory Receptors connect to

the  surface via a taste pore.

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7

In order to be tasted, a chemical must be

dissolved in saliva and contact gustatory  hairs.

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8

The five taste sensations are

  • Sweet – sugars, saccharin, alcohol, and some  amino acids

  • Salty – metal ions

  • Sour – hydrogen ions

  • Bitter – alkaloids such as quinine and nicotine

  • Umami – elicited by the amino acid glutamate

  • Fat

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9

Perception of taste is a combination of

gustatory,  olfactory and other types of sensations.

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10

Binding of the food chemical depolarizes

the taste cell membrane, releasing neurotransmitter.

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11

Neurotransmitter stimulates sensory neuron and  initiates a

generator potential that elicits an action  potential

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12

Cranial nerves VII, IX and X carry impulses from

the  taste buds to the solitary nucleus of the medulla.

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13

impulses from the nucleus of medulla then travel to

the thalamus and from there fibers branch to the gustatory cortex (taste) and hypothalamus and limbic system (appreciation of  taste).

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14

Sensory input from other receptor (smell,  temperature, texture, etc.) contributes to

  • gustatory experience

  • smell (80% of gustatory experience)

  • thermoreceptors (cold food vs hot food)

  • mechanoreceptors (texture)

  • nociceptors (pain from spicy foods)

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15

The organ of smell is the

olfactory epithelium, which covers the superior nasal concha.

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16

Olfactory receptors respond to

several different odor‐causing chemicals

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17

when olfactory receptors bound  to a ligand, these proteins initiate

  • a Gprotein mechanism, which uses cAMP as a second  messenger.

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18

cAMP opens and causes

  • Na+ and Ca2+ channels

  • causing the depolarization of the receptor membrane, triggering an  action potential.

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19

A substance must be in blank form to be sensed.

vapor

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20

Olfactory sensory neurons are

bipolar with radiating olfactory cilia.

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21

olfactory senses originate in

  • nasal mucosa and extend through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone into the olfactory bulb,  where they synapse with mitral cells

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22

Mitral cells process

  • odor signals and send impulses to the olfactory cortex and hypothalamus, amygdala, and limbic system.

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23

Olfactory experiences often conjure up

  • intense memories and emotions

  • This is likely because the olfactory circuitry bypasses the thalamus and  connects directly to the limbic  system

  • This is the only example of  this type of circuitry.

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24

things need to be dissolved to

  • taste and smell

  • ex - rain in the forest makes it smell better

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