Taste receptors, called taste buds, are mostly found in
* fungiform and circumvallate papillae of the tongue.
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Each gourd‐shaped taste bud contains
* gustatory receptor cells equipped with gustatory hair that contacts the chemicals
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gustatory Receptors connect to
the surface via a taste pore.
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In order to be tasted, a chemical must be
dissolved in saliva and contact gustatory hairs.
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The five taste sensations are
* Sweet – sugars, saccharin, alcohol, and some amino acids * Salty – metal ions * Sour – hydrogen ions * Bitter – alkaloids such as quinine and nicotine * Umami – elicited by the amino acid glutamate * Fat
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Perception of taste is a combination of
gustatory, olfactory and other types of sensations.
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Binding of the food chemical depolarizes
the taste cell membrane, releasing neurotransmitter.
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Neurotransmitter stimulates sensory neuron and initiates a
generator potential that elicits an action potential
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Cranial nerves VII, IX and X carry impulses from
the taste buds to the solitary nucleus of the medulla.
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impulses from the nucleus of medulla then travel to
the thalamus and from there fibers branch to the gustatory cortex (taste) and hypothalamus and limbic system (appreciation of taste).
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Sensory input from other receptor (smell, temperature, texture, etc.) contributes to
* gustatory experience
* smell (80% of gustatory experience) * thermoreceptors (cold food vs hot food) * mechanoreceptors (texture) * nociceptors (pain from spicy foods)
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The organ of smell is the
olfactory epithelium, which covers the superior nasal concha.
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Olfactory receptors respond to
several different odor‐causing chemicals
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when olfactory receptors bound to a ligand, these proteins initiate
* a Gprotein mechanism, which uses cAMP as a second messenger.
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cAMP opens and causes
* Na+ and Ca2+ channels * causing the depolarization of the receptor membrane, triggering an action potential.
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A substance must be in *blank* form to be sensed.
vapor
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Olfactory sensory neurons are
bipolar with radiating olfactory cilia.
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olfactory senses originate in
* nasal mucosa and extend through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone into the olfactory bulb, where they synapse with mitral cells
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Mitral cells process
* odor signals and send impulses to the olfactory cortex and hypothalamus, amygdala, and limbic system.
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Olfactory experiences often conjure up
* intense memories and emotions * This is likely because the olfactory circuitry bypasses the thalamus and connects directly to the limbic system * This is the only example of this type of circuitry.
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things need to be dissolved to
* taste and smell * ex - rain in the forest makes it smell better