Chemical senses include
gustation (taste)
olfaction (smell)
Taste and smell chemoreceptors respond to
chemicals in an aqueous solution.
taste
substances dissolved in saliva
Taste receptors, called taste buds, are mostly found in
fungiform and circumvallate papillae of the tongue.
Each gourd‐shaped taste bud contains
gustatory receptor cells equipped with gustatory hair that contacts the chemicals
gustatory Receptors connect to
the surface via a taste pore.
In order to be tasted, a chemical must be
dissolved in saliva and contact gustatory hairs.
The five taste sensations are
Sweet – sugars, saccharin, alcohol, and some amino acids
Salty – metal ions
Sour – hydrogen ions
Bitter – alkaloids such as quinine and nicotine
Umami – elicited by the amino acid glutamate
Fat
Perception of taste is a combination of
gustatory, olfactory and other types of sensations.
Binding of the food chemical depolarizes
the taste cell membrane, releasing neurotransmitter.
Neurotransmitter stimulates sensory neuron and initiates a
generator potential that elicits an action potential
Cranial nerves VII, IX and X carry impulses from
the taste buds to the solitary nucleus of the medulla.
impulses from the nucleus of medulla then travel to
the thalamus and from there fibers branch to the gustatory cortex (taste) and hypothalamus and limbic system (appreciation of taste).
Sensory input from other receptor (smell, temperature, texture, etc.) contributes to
gustatory experience
smell (80% of gustatory experience)
thermoreceptors (cold food vs hot food)
mechanoreceptors (texture)
nociceptors (pain from spicy foods)
The organ of smell is the
olfactory epithelium, which covers the superior nasal concha.
Olfactory receptors respond to
several different odor‐causing chemicals
when olfactory receptors bound to a ligand, these proteins initiate
a Gprotein mechanism, which uses cAMP as a second messenger.
cAMP opens and causes
Na+ and Ca2+ channels
causing the depolarization of the receptor membrane, triggering an action potential.
A substance must be in blank form to be sensed.
vapor
Olfactory sensory neurons are
bipolar with radiating olfactory cilia.
olfactory senses originate in
nasal mucosa and extend through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone into the olfactory bulb, where they synapse with mitral cells
Mitral cells process
odor signals and send impulses to the olfactory cortex and hypothalamus, amygdala, and limbic system.
Olfactory experiences often conjure up
intense memories and emotions
This is likely because the olfactory circuitry bypasses the thalamus and connects directly to the limbic system
This is the only example of this type of circuitry.
things need to be dissolved to
taste and smell
ex - rain in the forest makes it smell better