Biopsych ch 10

An area of dead or dying tissue produced by a stroke is called an infarct. What is the name of the surrounding, dysfunctional tissue that doctors try to save?

Penumbra

During cerebral ischemia, the primary physiological mechanism of brain damage involves an excessive and toxic release of which neurotransmitter?

Glutamate

A patient who has suffered multiple concussions over time begins showing severe cognitive and motor symptoms years later. This individual is likely suffering from:

CTE

Why is apoptosis considered more adaptive than necrosis as a form of programmed cell death?

It clears out dysfunctional cells without causing inflammation.

A patient experiences an epileptic seizure that begins with specific sensory or motor changes in just one part of their body, which then slowly spreads. They do not lose consciousness. This fits the profile of

Simple partial seizure

In the kindling model of epilepsy, how is the permanent epileptic state established?

By administering low-intensity electrical brain stimulation once per day

The Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's disease successfully mimics the development of amyloid plaques, but it falls short as a perfect model because the mice fail to develop

Neurofibrillary tangles and memory impairments

Why does axonal regeneration occur much more successfully in the mammalian Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) than in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Schwann cells in the PNS provide critical trophic factors and cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs).

Tumors that grow within their own membrane are defined as ___________, whereas tumors that grow diffusely through surrounding tissues are called ___________.

encapsulated; infiltrating

A tumor that originates in one organ and spreads to another is known as a ___________ tumor.

metastatic

Cerebral ischemia can be caused by three distinct mechanisms: ___________ (a plug forms and blocks blood flow), ___________ (a plug forms and travels to block a smaller vessel), and ___________ (the thickening of blood vessel walls).

thrombosis; embolism; arteriosclerosis

A contusion injury that occurs on the exact opposite side of the brain from where the actual blow to the head landed is called a ___________ injury.

countercoup

Down Syndrome is an accident of cell division that results in a characteristic extra ___________ chromosome.

21st

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by a mask-like face and resting tremors, which are caused by the degradation of dopamine neurons in the ___________.

substantia nigra

Huntington's disease is an inherited, progressive motor disorder associated with dementia that is caused by a single ___________ gene called huntingtin.

single dominant

Multiple Sclerosis involves the explicit degeneration of ___________, occurs three times more frequently in females, and shows a higher prevalence among populations living in cold climates

myelin sheaths

The use of certain drugs to treat neurological or psychiatric disorders can cause a severe motor side effect known as ___________.

tardive dyskinesia

The term ___________ refers to the brain's ability to recover cognitive function by adopting alternative behavioral strategies to solve problems, which often complicates studies on functional recovery

cognitive reserve

Placing subjects in an "enriched environment" promotes recovery from CNS damage by causing cellular changes such as greater dendritic branching, increased neurogenesis, increased neurotrophic factors, and increased ___________.

dendritic spines