Biology LAB FINAL

Which of the following is NOT a property of fungi?

Prokaryotic.

__________ are specialized hyphae that can penetrate host cells and absorb nutrients.

Haustoria

Name the largest phylum of fungi.

Ascomycota.

Slit-like structures found beneath the cap of a typical mushroom are known as _________

gills

Lichens with leaflike thalli that overlap, forming a scaly, lobed body, are known as ____

foliose

Most fungi have cell walls composed of __________

chitin

A thick network of mycelium.

What connects the mushrooms in a fairy ring below the ground?

Meiosis in the life cycle of a zygomycete occurs in the _______

sporangia

CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA

Ancient fungi

• Unicellular

• Aquatic decomposers

• Parasites living on water

molds, insects, or snakes

ZYGOMYCOTA

Bread molds

• Pilobolus spp., the “hat-throwing”

fungus

GLOMEROMYCOTA

Mutualists that form a

symbiotic relationships with

the roots of plants

• Mycorrhizae

ASCOMYCOTA

Largest phylum of fungus

• Truffles

• Morels

• Yeast

BASIDIOMYCOTA

Mushrooms
• Shelf fungi
• Puffballs

MICROSPORIDIA

MICROSPORIDIA

Once classified as protists

• Obligatory intracellular parasites

• Dangerous to humans with

compromised immune systems

mushroom anatomy

CORDYCEPS

Cordyceps is a parasitic fungus that infects insects and

other arthropods

How it works:

• Spores land on an insect (like an ant) and grow inside its body.

• The fungus takes over the insect’s nervous system, often changing its

behavior.

• It causes the insect to climb to a high spot before it kills the host and

grows a stalk out of the body to release new spores

LICHEN TYPES IN LAB

Symbiotic organism made up of fungus and algae

• Fungus = structure and protection

• Algae = food production (photosynthesis

PENICILLIUM

First “wonder drug”

• Used for soldiers in World War II to fight off

throat infections, meningitis, syphilis and

other bacterial infections

• Very important fungus in medicine

ASPERGILLUS

Genus consisting of several hundred mold

species found in various climates worldwide

• Can cause a range of illnesses in humans,

primarily affecting the respiratory system,

but can also spread to other organs

HOW DOES FUNGUS EAT?

Saprobes meaning they break

down organic material

• They release digestive

enzymes onto a food

• Parasites

• Mutualists

ANATOMICAL

STRUCTURE

Hyphae - numerous small

filaments

• Mycelium – hyphae

grouped together into a

mass

• Ascocarp/basidiocarp -

fruiting body

tree of fungi

Symmetry

Radial (like jellyfish) vs. Bilateral (worms and insects)

Body Layers

Diploblastic (2 layers) vs. Triploblastic (3 layers

Coelom (Body Cavity)

Acoelomate (none), pseudocoelomate (partial), coelomate

(true cavity

Acoelomates – no coelom

• Pseudocoelomates – coelom of endoderm and mesoderm

• Eucoelomates – mesodermal coelom

Segmentation

Repeating body units (seen in annelids, arthropods

The Blastopore

Protostomes – the blastopore turns into

the mouth

• Deuterostomes – the blastopore turns

into the anus

Phylum

Porifera

Pore-bearer"

• Likely evolved from

choanoflagellates

• No tissues or organs

• Mostly marine sessile creatures

• Budding

• Monoecious

• Respiration and excretion occur

through diffusion

Sponge

Anatomy in

lab

Spicules give the sponge

structure

• Spongin makes up the body

wall

• Ostia (pores) allow water

into sponge

• Spongocoel (the central

cavity) is lines with choanocytes

Scypha is a small, tube-shaped calcareous sponge that serves as a model organism for studying the structure and function of simple

multicellular animals

Phylum

Cnidaria

Stinging cell: nematocyst

• Stinging organelle:

cnidoblast

• Budding

• Dioecious

• Radial symmetry +

incomplete GI tract

• Dimorphism: medusa

(jellyfish) vs polyp (coral

Phylum

Platyhelminthes

Free-living or parasitic flatworms

• Bilateral symmetry, triploblast,

acoelomate

• Anterior and posterior ends

• Only one opening (mouth)

• No respiratory or circulatory systems

--> gas exchange through diffusion

• Cephalization

Planaria are free-living

flatworms, commonly

found in freshwater

environments. They're

often used in biology labs

because of their amazing

ability to regenerate—you

can cut one in half, and

each piece can grow into a

completely new worm

Phylum Annelida

Bilateral symmetry, coelomates

• Exhibit metamerism: segmented (tapeworms are not

segmented!!)

• Monoecious or dioecious

• Clitellum holds the eggs

Phylum Nematoda

Bilateral symmetry

dioecious (separate sexes

Which of the following is a characteristic of jellyfish?

Radial symmetry + Incomplete digestive tract.

Which class is also called “flower animals”?

Anthozoa.

The word Porifera comes from a Latin word that means _______

pore bearer

A medusa is often described as ____

an umbrella-shaped body with tentacles that hang down

nematocysts

While swimming in the ocean, you feel a sting on your leg from a Portuguese man-of-war. The sting was caused by ______

While exploring, you discover a hydrozoan called Hydra sp. Where did you find the Hydra sp.?

Pond.

they possess both male and female organs

Earthworms are monoecious, meaning ________

Animalia

Class Polyplacophora Class GastropodaClass Bivalvia

• Chitons 

Oval body shape with eight

dorsal plates

• Graze on algae in shallow

marine waters

• Create suction with muscular

foot to stay in place despite

wave action and predators

attempting to dislodge them

Radula in Mollusca

Rasping radula in all Classes except

Bivalvia

￿ Used to breakdown food

squid parts

Phylum Arthropoda

The most diverse animal phylum

￿ What are the key morphological

features?

￿Articulated exoskeleton

￿Jointed paired appendages

￿Individual cross-striated muscles.

￿Head of 5 segments

Subphylum's of Arthropoda

have three tagmata

Subphylum Chelicerata

Spiders

￿Scorpions

￿Tick

Horseshoe crabs

￿Predate the dinosaurs

￿Not related to crabs!!

￿Go through ecdysis which is molting of the

outter layer of skin

Subphylum Myriapoda

Centipedes

￿carnivorous and have one pair of

legs per segment

￿Millipeds

￿ detritivores and have two pairs of

legs per segment

What are in each Phylum?

What class of molluscs provides us with our seafood dinners of clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops?

Class Bivalvia.

A radula is present in which mollusc?

snail and squid

Ecdysis is the process of _______

molting

two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs

Insects vary from other arthropods by having ______

Which of the following have bodies divided into a head, thorax, and abdomen?

grasshopper and ants

Millipedes are _______

detritivorous and herbivorous

Tapered at both ends. + Protective cuticle.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a nematode?

Digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and reproductive systems

. The visceral mass region of a mollusc contains which of the following?

Snail. + Squid.

A radula is present in which mollusc?

molting

Ecdysis is the process of ________

Soil.

b

Freshwater and marine.

c

Within animals, as parasites.

Members of phylum Nematoda live in which of the following environments?

Phylum Echinodermata

Usually dioecious (male & female reproductive

organs in separate individuals)

Subphylums: Crinozoa, Asterozoa, and Echinozoa

Phylum Echinodermata: Subphylum Crinozoa

Class Crinoidea

Sea Lilies and Feather stars

❖ Radial symmetry

❖ Tube feet on the arms, used to

capture plankton and detritus

❖ Unlike most echinoderms, their

mouth is on the top side

❖ Suspension feeders; use arms to trap

food particles from the water

Class Crinoidea

Phylum Echinodermata: Subphylum Echinozo

Classes Echinoidea & Holothuroidea

Sea urchins & sand dollars

❖ Lack arms

❖ Jaw-like structures for feeding

Sea urchin

Sand

Dollar

Sea cucumbers

❖ Feed by stomach eversion

❖ Tube feet around mouth modified into

feeding tentacles

Classes Echinoidea & Holothuroidea

❖ Sea urchins & sand dollars

❖ Lack arms

❖ Jaw-like structures for feeding

Sea urchin

Sand

Dollar

Phylum Echinodermata: Subphylum Asterozoa

Class Ophiuroidea & Asteroidea

❖ Sea stars

❖ Feed mostly on bivalves

Sea Star Dissection

The five features of

Chordates

1. Notochord: longitudinal, flexible rod between

digestive tube and dorsal nerve cord

provides skeletal support.

2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord: develops from plate

of ectoderm that rolls into a tube located

dorsal to the notochord.

3. Pharyngeal slits (gills): pharynx opens to outside

through slits that allow water that enters

mouth to pass outside w/o entering

digestive tract.

4. Muscular, post anal tail: for propulsion.

5. Endostyle: precursor to thyroid gland

Phylum Chordata: Class Cephalochordata & Urochordata

Tunicates

o Solitary creatures

o Larval forms possess all features of

chordates

o Filter feeders

❖ Lancelets

o Larval and adult form possesses all

features of chordates

o They hold the clues into how the

early vertebrates evolved

Phylum Chordata: Jawless Fishes

Hagfishes (Class Myxini)

❖ Possess a cranium but no vertebrae (Thus not

a vertebrate)

❖ About 30 species, all marine scavengers

❖ Rows of slime glands produce small amounts

of slime to repulse other scavengers and

predators

❖ Cartilaginous skeleton

❖ No vertebrae

❖ marine scavengers

Lampreys (Class Cephalaspidomorph)

❖ many are parasites on other fishes

❖ Live as freshwater suspension-

feeding larvae, then migrate to sea

or lakes: become parasitic adults

❖ Lamprey larvae resemble lancelets

❖ After metamorphosis, reach

sexual maturity, reproduce,

and die within a few days

❖ Cartilaginous skeleton with

simple, unelaborated vertebra

Phylum Chordata: Class Chondrichthyes

Cartilaginous jawed fish

Sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras

❖ 2 pairs of paired fins, placoid scales,

upper jaw fused to skull, gill slits

exposed

❖ Teeth evolved from placoid scales on

skin.

❖ Lateral line system: a row of

microscopic organs that sense

changes in water pressure

Phylum Chordata:

Cartilaginous jawed fish

Placoid scale is also known as

dermal denticles

❖ More similar to teeth than

scales

❖ Structurally homologous (same

structure) to vertebrate teeth

Class Osteichthyes

Bony skeleton – made of true

bone, not cartilage!

❖ Largest and most diverse group

of vertebrate

❖ Possess swim bladders

❖ Lateral line system – senses

vibrations and movement in the

water