Year 10 Exam Physics & Chem

Force

A push or pull acting on an object.

Gravity

The force that pulls objects toward the Earth.

Applied Force

A force applied by a person or object.

Friction

A force that opposes motion between two surfaces.

Tension

Force in a stretched rope, wire, or string.

Balanced Forces

Forces equal in size and opposite in direction; no change in motion.

Unbalanced Forces

Forces that cause acceleration or a change in motion.

Resultant (Net) Force

The total force acting on an object.

Mass

The amount of matter in an object (kg).

Weight

The force of gravity on an object (Newtons).

Air Resistance

Frictional force air exerts against a moving object.

Drag

Resistance force from fluids (liquids or gases).

Distance

How far an object travels (scalar).

Displacement

Distance and direction from the start point (vector).

Speed

How fast an object moves (scalar).

Velocity

Speed in a specific direction (vector).

Acceleration

Rate of change of velocity.

Scalar Quantity

A quantity with magnitude only.

Vector Quantity

A quantity with magnitude and direction.

Newton’s First Law

An object stays at rest or moves at constant velocity unless acted on by unbalanced force.

Newton’s Second Law

Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).

Newton’s Third Law

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Average Speed

Total distance divided by total time.

Velocity Formula

𝑣=𝑑/𝑡 (displacement over time).

Speed Formula

𝑠 =𝑑/𝑡 (distance over time).

Time Formula

𝑡 = 𝑑/s OR 𝑡 =𝑑/𝑣 (displacement/velocity)

Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Chemical Equation

A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction.

Balancing Chemical Equation

Making sure atoms are equal on both sides.

Precipitate

An insoluble solid formed during a reaction between aqueous solutions.

Collision Theory

Particles must collide with enough energy and proper orientation to react.

Rate of Reaction

How fast the reactants are turned into products

Temperature (Effect on Reaction Rate)

Higher temperature increases reaction rate.

Surface Area (Effect on Reaction Rate)

Larger surface area increases reaction rate.

Concentration (Effect on Reaction Rate)

Higher concentration increases reaction rate.

Composition Reaction

Two or more substances combine to form one product.

Decomposition Reaction

One substance breaks down into simpler substances.

Single Displacement Reaction

One element replaces another in a compound.

Double Displacement Reaction

Two compounds exchange ions to form new compounds.

Combustion Reaction

A substance reacts rapidly with oxygen, producing heat and light.

Solubility

The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solve