APUSH Unit 4 (1800-1848)

Abolitionist Movement 

A movement to end slavery in the United States, gaining momentum in the early 19th century

Specie Circular 

Required land purchases to be made in gold or silver

Transcendentalism

A philosophical movement that emphasized nature, self-reliance, and individual conscience.

Trail of Tears 

The forced relocation of Native American tribes, especially the Cherokee, to Indian Territory.

Panic of 1837 

A severe economic depression triggered by the collapse of state banks (partly due to Jackson’s dismantling of the Second Bank of the U.S.), speculative lending, a decline in cotton prices, and the Specie Circular.

Underground Railroad 

A network of secret routes and safe houses to help enslaved people escape to freedom.

War of 1812 

A war between the U.S. and Britain over issues like impressment and trade restrictions.

Steam Engine 

A machine that revolutionized transportation and manufacturing.

South Carolina Nullification of Tariffs of 1828 and 1832

A crisis where South Carolina claimed states could nullify federal laws.

Steamboats

Boats powered by steam engines that improved river travel.

Telegraph

Invented by Samuel Morse, it revolutionized communication.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women's rights convention in 1848, which issued the Declaration of Sentiments.

Semi-Subsistence Agriculture

Farming primarily for local consumption rather than for market sale.

Textile Machinery 

Machines that mechanized the production of cloth and drove industrial growth.

Whig Party 

A political party that opposed Jacksonian Democrats and supported the American System.

Steel Plow 

Invented by John Deere, it made farming in the Midwest more efficient.

Tariffs 

Taxes on imported goods used to protect domestic industries.

Second Party System 

The political rivalry between Democrats and Whigs in the mid-19th century.

American Anti-Slavery Society 

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison, this organization promoted immediate abolition of slavery.

American System 

Henry Clay's economic plan for a strong banking system, protective tariffs, and internal improvements.

Anti-Slavery Movement

A broader movement that included abolitionists and others seeking to limit or end slavery.

Cumberland Road

The first federally funded national road, which improved transportation and trade.

Erie Canal 

A manmade waterway completed in 1825, linking the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean and boosting trade.

Era of Good Feelings

A period of national unity during Monroe's presidency, marked by the decline of the Federalist Party.

Free Soil Movement

A political movement opposing the expansion of slavery into western territories.

Cotton Gin 

Eli Whitney's invention made cotton processing easier, increasing cotton production and slavery.

Annexation of Texas 

The 1845 incorporation of Texas into the United States, which contributed to the Mexican-American War.

Second Great Awakening

A religious revival movement that emphasized individual salvation and inspired reform.

Mississippi River

A vital waterway for trade and expansion in the 19th century.

Challenge of the Cult of Domesticity

Authors like Lydia Child critiqued traditional gender roles and advocated for women's rights.

Market Revolution 

A shift to a national economy based on manufacturing and commerce.

McCulloch v. Maryland 

A Supreme Court case that upheld federal power and the constitutionality of the national bank.

Mexican-American War

A war between the U.S. and Mexico (1846–1848) over territorial disputes.

Mexican Cession 

Land ceded by Mexico to the U.S. after the war, including California and the Southwest.

Missouri Compromise of 1820 

Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state; prohibited slavery north of 36°30'.

Mormon Migration 

The westward journey of Mormons to Utah to escape religious persecution.

Monroe Doctrine 

A U.S. policy opposing European interference in the Americas.

Nat Turner Rebellion

A violent slave revolt in Virginia in 1831 that heightened tensions over slavery.

Mechanical Reaper 

Invented by Cyrus McCormick, it increased grain harvesting efficiency.

More Participatory Democracy 

Expansion of voting rights and political involvement for white men during Jacksonian democracy.

Ohio River 

A major route for westward expansion and trade.

Romanticism 

A cultural movement emphasizing emotion, nature, and individualism.

Irish Immigrants 

Fled famine and poverty in Ireland, many settled in cities and worked in labor-intensive jobs.

Oklahoma

Land designated for relocated Native American tribes after the Indian Removal Act.

Distant Market

Refers to the expansion of trade and commerce across long distances due to improved transportation.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

One of the first major railroads in the U.S., began in 1828 to connect eastern cities to the West.

American Temperance Society

An organization founded in 1826 that encouraged abstinence from alcohol.

Hudson River School of Art

A group of American landscape painters inspired by nature and Romanticism.

Golden Age of American Whaling 

A period when whaling was a major U.S. industry, especially in New England.

Horace Mann

Promoted public education and teacher training in the early 1800s.

Interchangeable Parts 

A system of standardized parts that allowed for faster production and repair of goods.

Marbury v. Madison 

A Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

Jackson’s Veto of the Second Bank of the United States 

President Jackson's rejection of the national bank, which he viewed as elitist.

Indian Removal Act 

A law passed in 1830 authorizing the relocation of Native Americans to western lands.

Lancaster Turnpike

One of the first toll roads in the U.S., built in Pennsylvania to facilitate trade and travel.

Declaration of Sentiments 

A document from the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention advocating for women's rights.

Dorothea Dix 

Advocated for better conditions for the mentally ill and prison inmates in the 19th century.

German Immigrants

Many came to the U.S. in the mid-1800s due to political unrest and economic hardship in Germany.

Industrial Revolution

The transition to new manufacturing processes in the early 19th century, especially in textiles.

Knickerbocker Group 

A group of New York writers like Washington Irving who helped define American literature.

Lowell Mill Girls 

Young women who worked in textile mills in Massachusetts under strict supervision.

Impressment

The British practice of forcing American sailors into their navy, a cause of the War of 1812.

King Cotton 

A term describing the dominance of cotton in the Southern economy.

Lewis and Clarke 

Explorers sent by Jefferson to map the Louisiana Territory and find a route to the Pacific.

Democratic Party

A political party favoring states' rights and limited government, opposed the national bank.

Treaty of Wanghia 

An 1844 treaty between the U.S. and China that expanded American trade rights by opening Chinese ports to American trade.