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Death rates plummeting are a result of what
Increase in food supply and better medicine and sanitation
technological advances
it lowers environmental resistance and promotes pop growth
carrying capacity
The number of organisms the earth can support and is determined by resource availability and the environment's capacity to absorb and detoxify wastes
What is the root of virtually all environmental problems ?
Population
What are the problems the massive size of human population has caused
Shortages of resources
Environmental deterioration
A host of possible social problems
What are the social, economic, and environmental problems called?
Triple bottom line
Desertification
after trees are cut down and the top soil is washed away, the sun at the equator bleaches the land and transforms it into barren desert
Why did the population get so large ?
Industrial Revolution
Global Climate Change
Fossil fuels pollute the atmosphere with carbon dioxide other trace gases that heat up the atmosphere
IPAT equation
Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology
growth rate equation
Growth rate = crude birth rate - crude death rate
GR = (#births/1000) - (#deaths/1000)
doubling time
the time required for a population to double in size
how is doubling time determined?
by diving 70 by the growth rate
DB= 70/GR
growth rates more developed countries are relatively low
true
Less developed countries have higher growth rates
true
total fertility rate
The average number of children women are expected to have during their reproductive span
Replacement level fertility
occurs when couples produce exactly the number of children needed to replace themselves
zero population growth
occurs when the death rate equals the birth rate and when the net migration is zero
The growth of a town, city, state, or region is
determined by two factors
Growth rate (natural increase)
Migration (the movement of people into and out of
the population)
population histogram types
expansive, constrictive, or stationary
Expansive Histogram
Large number of young people produce more
offspring than their parents. The base continues
to increase. Ex. Kenya, Mexico, World
Constrictive Histogram
If couples produce fewer offspring than their
parents, the base constricts. Ex. Austria
Stationary Histogram
If couples have the same number of offspring
as their parents, family sizes remain constant. Ex. Sweden
What are the root causes of rampant population growth?
poverty
lack of education
inequality of women
poor health care
demographic preindustrial stage
high birth rate
high death rate
little to no increase in pop
demographic transitional stage
high birth rate and falling death rate
high population growth rate
demographic industrial stage
falling birth rate and low death rate
slower growth
demographic postindustrial stage
low birth rate and low death rate
slow population growth
family planning
permits couples to determine the number and spacing of children to determine family size. vital to reach a sustainable human population
who uses the most contraceptives?
Latin American and Caribbean
More developed countries
what are the components of a global strategy to reduce fertility and population growth?
small scale sustainable economic development
jobs for women
efforts to promote equality
improvements in health care for women
what is the goal of the ICPD?
to stabilize human population at 7.8 billion by 2050
what are the three barriers in the way of achieving a sustainable human population?
psychological and cultural
education
religious
crude oil
oil is extracted from deep wells on the seafloor and on land and it is often found with natural gas
it is heated and distilled to separate the useful fuel and nonfuel by-products
what are the major impacts of the oil energy system?
oil spills and combustion of oil and its by-products
natural gas
a combustible gas extracted from deep onshore and offshore wells. a clean fuel
what is natural gas used for?
to heat homes, cook food. and heat water. used by some factories and power plants
coal
the most abundant fossil fuel, but its extraction and use create enormous social, economic, and environmental costs
how is coal removed?
by surface and underground mines
what is one of the biggest problems from coal mining?
the release of sulfuric acid from abandoned underground mines. Sulfuric acid poisons streams
What is a major consumer of coal?
electric power plants
which power plants create the most pollution?
coal power plants
what are two of the most pressing environmental problems from air pollutants?
acid deposition
global climate change
oil shale
is a sedimentary rock containing an organic material (kerogen) that can be extracted from the rock by heating
liquid oil shale
a thick, oily substance that can be refined to make gasoline and a host of other chemical by-products
very costly
tar sands
sand deposits impregnated with a petroleum-like substance known as bitumen. costly to extract
coal can not be converted to gaseous and liquid fuels to replace oil and natural gas
false
nuclear energy
Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom
three major types of ionizing radiation released by radioactive atoms
alpha particles
beta particles
gamma rays
alpha particles
largest, heat energy, can be blocked by a piece of paper
beta particles
fly everywhere and can be blocked by metal
gamma rays
smallest and can cause cancer
nuclear fission
uranium atoms that undergo fission, release additional neutrons, causes fission and heat.
adds neutron and forms two daughter cells
the dangers/problems of exposure to nuclear radiation
miscarriage
cancer
can result in immediate death with high exposure
can not dispose of waste
nuclear fusion
small atoms fuse, gives off energy
energy is currently wasted in these three areas
transportation
buildings
industry/business
what will very likely become a major source of energy in the future?
renewable energy
examples of renewable energy
water(globally), wind, solar, geothermal, biomass
solar energy
captures energy from the sun
solar panels or mirrors
active solar energy
energy captured from sunlight with advanced technologies
passive solar energy
uses the solar energy that naturally falls on a building to heat it directly like letting the sun shine through glass
wind energy
The energy captured by transforming the motion of air into electrical energy using a turbine
clean, abundant, cheap like coal
winds are produced by solar energy
biomass
organic matter such as wood or crop waste that can be burned or converted into gaseous or liquid fuels
biodiesel
renewable fuel made from an assortment of vegetable oils and a methanol-lye mixture
ex ethanol
hydroelectric power
renewable and operates relatively cleanly, but dams and reservoirs have an enormous impact on environment
energy gathered from water
geothermal energy
renewable, primarily from magma, molten rock beneath the earth's crust
where is geothermal a major source?
countries around the ring of fire
hydrogen fuel
a renewable source where hydrogen can be produced by passing electricity through water
when hydrogen burns, it produces water vapor
is renewable energy abundant and accessible w/o major tech breakthroughs?
yes
which energy source provides the most jobs?
wind
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