Ch 8 & 18: Antimicrobial Agents & Susceptibility Testing | Anaerobes (WIP)

When a microorganisms changes structure, relocating the target site of an antimicrobial— leaving the drug ineffective. This is a example of:

Antimicrobial resistance

The appropriate use of antimicrobials to maximize their current effects and improve their chances to being available for future generations

Antibiotic Stewardship

Mediated target site residence where a ________ carried a resistance gene causing the target site to be altered and the antibiotic can no longer work.

Plasmid/Transposon

Can move genetic material to contribute to the spread of resistance or “Jumping genes”:

Transposons

Small pieces of extrachromosomal DNA that contribute to virulence and antibiotic resistance. Genes can be transferred through __________ and chromosomes.

Plasmids

Isoniazid, Ethambutol, Streptomycin and Pyrazinamide are:

Antimycobacterials

Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase:

Rifampin

NNRTI, NRTI, Protease inhibitors and Fusion inhibitors are ________ agents.

Antivirals for HIV

Nystatin - oral, skin, mucous membranes yeast/dermatiphyte infections

5-Fluorocytosine - invasive Crytococcus & candidas infections

Imidazotes and Amphotericin

These are _______ agents.

Antifungal

An active transport mechanism that pumps or ejects the antibiotic out of the bacterial cell, causing the drug to inefficiency reach concentration.

D. Efflux

A plate incubated for a period of time, examination reveals there is little to no susceptibility; select the image that represents this:

A

What are some sources of error when using a plate for susceptibility testing?

ph

Disk placement

Inoculation density

All of the above

All of the above

There are three procedure used to detect Beta-lactamase: Acidometric, Chromogenic and Idometric

Which is most sensitive?

Chromogenic

For the detection of MRSA screening tests with the use of ______ agar and ____ disk. Chromogenic media etc— CHROMagar as well.

Oxacillin ; Cefoxitin

Between both MRSA screening tests, which is preferred?

Cefoxitin

An indicator of resistance for a certain group of antimicrobial agent. Test 1 antibiotic and use it result to indicate resistance to related antibiotic.

Predictor antibiotic

The lowest concentration that is collected 15 minutes ________ the next drug administered.

Trough ; before

The highest drug concentration measurements the patients blood. It’s collected ______ dosage is administered to the patient.

peak ; after

______ is to compare susceptibility and resistance patterns within a unit or facility working against an organism.

Antibiogram

MOA Antimetabolites

Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim cause competitive inhibition of folic acid synthesis forming an anti-metabolite

➢Folic acid is needed for nucleic acid  synthesis by bacteria

•Used in treatment of urinary tract infections

A spore is a virulence factor that allows an anaerobe to survive in harsh atmospheric conditions. True or False?

True

Gram positive rod often found as a contaminant and can cause gas gangrene.

Clostridium perfringens

GPR associated with poorly preserved food, such as canned goods. Can cause food poisoning. A true anaerobic pathogen.

Clostridium Botulinum

Tennis racket appearance GPR. Can can cause wound infections and is a true anaerobic pathogen. Vaccination can prevent infection.

Clostridium tetani

A spore forming organism.

Staphylococcus

Clostridium

Acetobacter

Streptococcus

Clostridium species

List the following body sites that’s acceptable for an culture.