Primatology Exam 1

Phylogeny

Evolutionary hx

Phylogenetic

Lvl of explanation describes how a particular trait or behavior is distributed across related species

Habituation

What is essential for seeing how primates behave when they’re not on their guard

Ethograms

How did early primate field researchers collect most of their data

Anthropocentric approach

Examining primates to understand more about humans

Howler monkeys

What did Clarence Ray Carpenter study

Arboreal

Tree-dwelling

Kinjii Imanishi

A Japanese ecologist who, c colleagues @ Kyoto University, launched his own detailed investigations into the societies of Japanese macaques in the late 1940s

Semiterrestrial

Partially ground-dwelling

Phyllis Jay

Another early Washburn student. Conducted research on Indian langurs. Focused her studies on the processes of socialization and development

Louis Leakey

British paleontologist helped est long-term studies on 3 species of great apes

Stuart and Jeanne Altmann

Sought out the savanna-dwelling baboons whose complex social behavior could be readily observed in the open habitats they occupied

Thelma Rowell

Focused on baboons that spent time in forests

Tom Struhsaker

Focused on semi terrestrial vervet monkeys and their close arboreal relatives in the African rainforest, aimed to tease apart the ecological and phylogenetic determinants of social behavior

Diurnal

Active during the daylight hours and inactive, or sleeping, at night

Cathemeral

Having the capacity to be active by day or night

Nocturnal

Night-active

Nocturnal primates

Are thought to be the ancestral condition

Energy minimizers

Devote substantial proportions of their time to resting, and little time to traveling

Leaves

What kinds of foods do energy minimizers rely heavily on

Energy maximizers

Rest less and evote more of their time to searching for and traveling between patches of food

Fruits

What types of foods do energy maximizers tend to rely on

Insectivores

Those that devote significant proportions of their feeding time to consuming insects

Faunivores

Those that consume non-insect invertebrates

Frugivores

Fruit-eaters

Folivores

Those that rely heavily on nonreproductive parts of plants such as leaves, stems, shoots, pith, and bark

Understory

The area below the trees, but above the ground

Canopy

The leaf covered branches overhead

Emergent

Trees that tower above the rest of the canopy

Day ranges or daily path lengths

The distance traveled each day is measured in terms of

Home range

The total Area utilized

Foods

Both daily path lengths and home range sizes are affected by the ways that foods are distributed in time and space

Locomotor

Differences in primate ____ systems determine how quickly and efficiently they are able to move about in both 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional space

daily path lengths

The balance between the time and energy required to move between food resources and the nutritional quality of their foods affects primate ____

Territorial

Primates that defend the entire resource area they exploit from intrusions by other members of their species

Equal

Territorial primates are usually only possible when their daily path length is roughly (<,=,>) to the radius of their home range

Gregarious

Spends most of their lives in social groups

Solitary

____ primates are rarely seen c another individual except during brief periods to mate or during the period of infant dependency

Gregarious

Most primates are (gregarious, solitary)

Demographic

Variables, such as pop size and pop density

Population density

# of individuals per unit area

Cohesiveness

Whether group members remain together on a routine basis

Fission-fusion

Societies, in which group members split up into smaller parties and reunite in response to daily fluctuations in the availability and dist of their preferred foods

Dispersal

Patterns of ____ determine whether individuals of 1 or both sexes leave their natal groups to join another est group or form their own groups c other members of their species

Socionomic sex ratio

The ratio of females to males of reproductive age within groups

Philopatric

Remaining in their natal groups for life

Monogamous

Whenever primate groups include a single adult male and female

Polygynous

The mating system of groups c a single male and multiple females

Polygamous

Mating system of groups c multiple males and females

Polyandrous

Groups c a single breeding female and multiple males

provisioned

Settings that have designated feeding sites where food is provided, but the primates are otherwise free to come and go, or are restricted to L enclosures or Islands where they have been introduced

Captive

Settings where they may be housed in L enclosures in either social groups similar to those found in the wild or in modified groups, or in solitary cages

Behavioral adaptation

Adaptation that is sensitive to the influence of environmental conditions

Genetic determinism

A behavior that is entirely controlled and predestined by genes

Genotype

A genetic component

Phenotype

The expression of an individual’s genotype as it is affected by environmental influences

Phenotypic plasticity

Variability that may reflect adaptive responses to environmental changes over time

Strategy

Shaped by the process of natural selection because of its advantages to individual survival and reproductive fitness

Feeding strategies

Behavior patterns involved in selecting diff kinds of foods

Social strategies

Behaviors that lead primates to live in diff kinds of groups and affect how they maintain their relationships within these groups

Reproductive strategies

Behaviors that increase the likelihood of gaining access to mates and insuring their offspring’s survival

Life history strategies

The trade-offs in patterns of development, from gestation length, to interbirth intervals, to age at 1st reproduction and life span, that influence the behavior of individuals at diff times in their lives

Strategic

Models that emphasize the evolutionary and ecological processes that affect behavior

Populations

Comprise of all individuals that could potentially interbreed

Niche construction

Thru their social interactions c 1 another, primates can influence their own and 1 another’s social environments

Indicator species

Can be used as a gauge for the extent of ecological disturbance in general

Neocortex

Responsible for cognitive abilities such as reasoning and consciousness and that in primates makes up 50-80% of the total brain’s vol

Medulla

A primitive part of the brain that controls basic body functions such as resp and hr

Equal

In insectivorous mammals, the neocortex is (<,=,>) the medulla

Robin Dunbar

Primatologist who explored the various hypotheses that have been advanced to explain why evolution might have led to expansions in the size of the neocortex

Tactical deception

Acts that appear to deliberately mislead other individuals

Suspensory locomotion

Travel by swinging from a suspended, hand-over-hand position

Isometric scaling

Occurs when 2 variables increase or decrease in direct proportion to 1 another

Allometric scaling

Occurs when 2 variables increase or decrease at diff rates

Basal metabolic rate

The rate at which energy is used to maintain body function during a resting state

Jarman/Bell principle

The relationships between body size, metabolic rates, and diet quality, as measured by energy

Prococial

Well developed

Altricial

Underdeveloped

Stereoscopic vision

Forward-facing eye sockets allow the fields of vision from each eye to overlap

Tapetum

A layer in the retina of the eye similar to, but independently evolved, from that of cats and other nocturnal mammals for reflecting light

Sacculated stomach

Divided into pouch-like sections where leaves and in some cases, highly toxic seeds, can be digested by bacteria that live in the gut

Cheek pouches

Cercopithecines possess these in which they can store unripe fruits and seeds

Parallel evolution

2 species that diverged from a common ancestor that did not exhibit the particular trait may nonetheless exhibit a similar novel adaptation because they faced similar ecological pressures p their divergence

Convergent evolution

Distantly related species converge on a similar solution to the same ecological pressures

Trichromatic vision

The ability to discriminate red-green colors

Mutations

Changes in the genetic code

Molecular clock

Calibrates the time it took for random mutations to accumulate

Mitochondrial DNA

Inherited clonally thru the mother

Classification

The process of est, defining, and ranking of taxa within a series of hierarchical groups to show evolutionary relationships

Systematics

Classifying organisms into taxonomic groups; presumed ancestors and descendants are traced by analysis of homologies

Cladistics

More explicitly and rigidly defines useful homologies

Homology

Similarity of traits due to shared, common ancestry

Pentadactyly

Having 5 fingers/toes on each hand/foot

Parallel evolution

Closely related species evolve similar derived traits because of similar ecological pressures

Suspensory locomotion

Swinging/hanging below the substrate to locomote

Homoplasy

Similarity of traits due to similar function; not inherited from shared ancestor

Biological species concept

Groups of potentially interbreeding pops which are reproductively isolated

What animal has this taxonomy: Kingdom:Animalia Phylum:chordata class:Mammalia order:primates family:hominidae genus:pan species:troglodytes

Basal metabolic rate

BMR

Shorter, smaller

Folivores have ____ day ranges, ____ home ranges