WEEK 2 ANAPHY

Anatomy

Study of the structures of the body

Physiology

Study of the processes and the functions of the body

Organelles

Small structures that make up some cells

Organism

Any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as bacterium or trillions of cell, such as human.

Metabolism

Ability to use energy to perform vital functions such as growth, movement, and reproduction.

Growth

Refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism.

Reproduction

Formation of new cells or new organisms.

Anatomy

Dissect, cut apart, separate the parts of the body for study

Systemic

Body systems such as skeletal and muscular system

Regional

Specific areas (Abdomen/head)

Surface Anatomy

Focuses on study of external features like bony projections

Anatomical Imaging

Utilizes different imaging samples like ultrasound and X-rays to evaluate internal structures.

Physiology

Processes or functions of living things as an ever-changing organism, Science of body functions.

Human Physiology

Human as a specific organism

Chemical Level

Atoms (Colored balls) combine to form molecules.

Cell Level

Molecules from organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria which make up cells.

Tissue Level

Similar cells surrounding materials make up tissues.

Organ Level

Different tissues combine to form organs such as the urinary bladder.

Organ System Level

Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system.

Organism Level

Organ system make up an organism.

Organization

Living things are highly organized, have specific interrelationships for it to perform functions essential for the living organism to thrive.

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism. Ability to break down food molecules used as a source of energy and raw materials to synthesize the organism own molecule.

Responsiveness

Capability to react or adjust to whether a stimulus or a change.

Growth

Increase number on length. Is an evidence when bones become larger as the number of bone cells increases.

Development

Organism changes through time.

Reproduction

Ability to form new organism, giving possibility to tissue repairs and continuity.

Homeo

The same.

Homeostasis

Ability to maintain balance despite changes in the internal and external environment.

Variables that have effect in homeostasis

Volume, Chemical content, Temperature

Homeostatic Mechanism

Governed by the nervous and endocrine system.

Not able to maintain body temperature precisely at the set point, instead temperature decreases and increases slightly around the set point, producing a normal range of setpoint.

Homeostasis

Maintained by many feedback systems, each monitored condition in a feedback system or feedback loop.

Feedback loop

Controlled condition

Stimulus

Any disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition. Some stimuli outside or inside.

Receptor

Monitors the controlled condition and send information (input) to a control center.

Control Center

Receives the input, compares it to a set of values that the controlled condition should have (set point) and sends output commands (nerve impulses or chemical signals) to an effector.

Effector

Receives output commands and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.

Negative Feedback System

Reverses the change in the controlled condition to restore it to the setpoint.

Controls blood pressure

Maintain stable condition

Positive Feedback System

Further strengthens a change in the controlled condition

Labor pain

Tend to be unstable and must be shut off by some event that is outside the feedback loop, such as the delivery of the child.

Anatomical Position

Descriptions of any part of the human body assume that the body is in a specific stance.

BODY IS UPRIGHT

Prone Position

Body lying face down.

Supine Position

Body lying face up.

Liver, Gallbladder, Right Kidney

Right Hypochondriac Region

Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Right and Left Kidney

Epigastric Region

Stomach, Liver (Tip), Left Kidney, Spleen

Left Hypochondriac Region

Liver (Tip), Small Intestines, Ascending Colon, Right Kidney

Right Lumbar Region

Stomach, Pancreas, Small Intestines, Transverse Colon

Umbilical Region

Small Intestines, Descending Colon, Left Kidney

Left Lumbar Region

Small Intestines, Appendix, Cecum and Ascending Colon

Right Inguinal/Iliac Region

Small Intestines, Sigmoid Colon, Bladder

Hypogastric Region

Small Intestines, Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon

Left Inguinal/Iliac Region

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body lengthwise, Left and Right.

Medial and Lateral.

Midsagittal Plane

Reveal organs in the head or Pelvic Cavity

Frontal Plane

Divides body lengthwise into Anterior and Posterior

Coronal Plane

Transverse Plane

Divides the body horizontally Superior and Inferior

Horizontal Plane

Used by CT scanners to reveal internal organs

Oblique Section

Cut is made across the long axis at other than a right angle.

Longitudinal Section

Cut through the long axis of the organ.

Transverse Action

Cut at a right angle to the long axis.