APUSH Chapter 29 Sections 1-4 Terms

Dr. Woodrow Wilson

A mild conservative turned militant progressive who led significant reforms.

New Freedom

A program created by Wilson focusing on stronger antitrust legislation, banking reforms, and tariff reductions.

Bull Moose

Nickname for the third-party of progressives formed in 1912, advocating Roosevelt’s 'new nationalism'.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's plan in 1912 that favored the regulation of trusts and stronger federal power.

Wilson’s New Freedom

Wilson's approach favoring small businesses, entrepreneurship, and unregulated markets, opposing New Nationalism.

“Man on the make”

A phrase referring to those starting their own businesses, whom Wilson aimed to support.

Socialist Candidate

Eugene Debs, who received 6% of the votes in the 1912 election.

Jefferson’s Faith

Wilson's Presbyterian beliefs that influenced his policies.

Serious Defects

Refers to Wilson's social shortcomings, being more introverted and less personable than Roosevelt.

Triple wall of privilege

The banks, trusts, and tariffs that Wilson aimed to attack.

Underwood Tariff

Legislation passed under Wilson that lowered tariff rates and reintroduced a federal income tax.

Federal Reserve Act

Created by Wilson, establishing a nationwide system of regional reserve banks.

Federal Trade Commission Act

Empowered a commission to root out unfair trade practices and monopolies.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Act that expanded Sherman Act provisions against bad business practices and legalized unions.

Holding companies

Businesses that own multiple companies, targeted by the Clayton Antitrust Act.

Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916

Act that provided low-interest credit to farmers.

Workingmen's Compensation Act

Legislation providing assistance to federal employees during disability.

Adamson Act

Established an eight-hour day for railroad workers.

Progressives' Respect for Wilson

They appreciated Wilson for appointing Louis D. Brandeis to the Supreme Court.

Accelerated segregation

Wilson's policies led to increased segregation, particularly in government departments.

Jones Act

Granted territorial status to the Philippines and promised future independence.

General Victoriano Huerta

Mexican military leader who became president after Madero's assassination.

Newcomers tramped

Refers to the migration of Mexicans seeking better opportunities in the U.S.

Cries for intervention

Public demands for U.S. involvement in response to violence in Mexico.

Moral course

Wilson's objective to maintain morality in U.S. foreign policy.

Seize the Mexican port

Wilson ordered the navy to take Veracruz to avoid arms reaching Huerta.

ABC Powers

Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, offered mediation during U.S. involvement in Mexico.

Tampico Incident

A diplomatic incident that strained U.S.-Mexico relations.

Pancho Villa

A revolutionary leader and bandit who targeted Americans.

John J. Pershing

U.S. general leading the expedition to capture Villa, who was ultimately unsuccessful.

Heir to the throne

Archduke Franz Ferdinand, whose assassination triggered World War I.

Chain reaction

The sequence of declarations of war that escalated into WWI.

Central Powers

Coalition of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and later Turkey and Bulgaria in WWI.

Allies

Coalition including France, Britain, Russia, Japan, and Italy during WWI.

British enjoyed

Advantages Britain gained from its relationship with the U.S. during WWI.

Majority of Americans

Many Americans wanted to remain neutral during World War I.

War orders

Large contracts by Allies for military supplies from American industries.

Noose-tight blockade

Strict British blockade preventing supplies from reaching Germany.

Submarine war area

Designated zone where German U-boats attacked enemy vessels.

U-boats

German submarines that targeted merchant and military ships.

Lusitania

British liner torpedoed by Germany, resulting in the loss of 1,198 lives.

Weasel words

An insult Roosevelt used against Wilson, suggesting indecisiveness.

Arabic

A British liner sunk by Germany, leading to a pledge to avoid unarmed ships.

Sussex

A French passenger ship sunk by Germany, leading to a broken pledge.

Cold intellectual

Referring to Charles Evan Hughes's rational but detached personality.

“He Kept Us Out of War”

Wilson’s campaign slogan in 1916 reflecting his effort to avoid involvement in WWI.

Flocked to the polls

Midwesterners and westerners excitedly voted for Wilson in the 1916 election.

“Peace without victory”

Wilson's aim for a WWI resolution without clear military victory for any side.

Their decision

The choice made by American voters favoring Wilson in 1916.

To its knees

Bringing Germany to a state of defeat during WWI.

Overt acts

Wilson’s condition for U.S. military action against Germany.

Zimmerman note

A secret German proposal to Mexico for an alliance against the U.S.

April 2, 1917

Date Wilson declared war against Germany.

Simple truth

Wilson's insistence on maintaining U.S. neutrality during the war.

Ambitious goal

Wilson's vision for a stable post-WWI international order.

Torch of idealism

Wilson's commitment to high moral standards in international relations.

Fourteen Points address

Wilson's speech outlining his vision for peace after WWI.

First five

The initial measures in Wilson's plan to prevent future conflicts.

Other points (6-14)

Additional points focused on territorial restoration and self-determination.

Capstone point

The 14th point advocating for the League of Nations.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

Agency created to promote support for the war effort through propaganda.

“Four minute men”

Speakers organized by the CPI to deliver brief speeches promoting the war.

Frenzied spirit

The enthusiasm that swept the U.S. during WWI mobilization.

Hysterical hatred

Extreme hostility towards perceived enemies during WWI.

Espionage Act of 1917

Legislation aimed at ending disloyal activities during WWI.

Sedition Act of 1918

This act extended the Espionage Act, prohibiting negative comments about the government.

Schenck v. United States 1919

A Supreme Court case establishing that speech can be limited during wartime.