Cell Biology

What are cells?

Cells are the basic unit of life.

What is mitosis?

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

What are stem cells and what can they do?

Stem cells are unspecialised cells that can become different cell types. They can be used in medicine to repair damaged tissues

What are eukaryotic cells?

Plant and animal cells

What are prokaryotic cells?

Bacteria

What is a plasmid?

A small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria.

What is cell specialisation?

When cells become adapted for a specific function.

What is the difference between light and electron microscopes?

Electron microscopes have greater magnification and resolution. They allow for more detailed views of sub cellular structures.

How do bacteria reproduce?

By binary fission

Why is aseptic technique used?

To avoid contamination of bacterial cultures.

How do you sterilise equipment?

Sterilise Petri dishes with heat. Secure lid with tape.

What are chromosomes?

DNA structures in the nucleus that carry genes.

Where are stem cells found?

In embryos, adult bone marrow and meristem tissue in plants.

What’s therapeutic cloning?

Producing an embryo with the same genes as the patient for treatment.

What are the risks and issues with stem cells?

Risk of infection, ethical and religious objections.

What are the uses of stem cells in plants?

Cloning rare species or growing plants with desired traits.

What is diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration.

What adaptations does an organisms have for diffusion?

Large surface area, thin membrane, efficient blood supply

What is osmosis?

The movement of water molecules from high water concentration to low concentration through a partially permeable membrane.

What is active transport?

Movement of particles from low to high concentration that required energy.

What is the function of the nucleus?

Contains genetic material and controls the activities of the cell

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Where most chemical reactions happen.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

What is the function of mitochondria?

Where aerobic respiration takes place

What is the function of ribosomes?

Where protein synthesis takes place.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light for photosynthesis.

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

Filled with cell sap which helps keep the cell turgid.

What is the function of the cell wall?

Made of cellulose and strengthens the cell.