Chapter 8: Europe in The Early Middle Ages

Middle Eastern Arabs

________ translated and codified the scientific and philosophical learning of Greek and Persian antiquity.

Islamic world

Throughout the ________, Muslims used the term al- Andalus to describe the part of the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim control.

Serbs

The South Slavs, comprising peoples who became the ________, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, and Bosnians, migrated southward into the Balkans.

slave trade

The ________ represented an important part of Viking plunder and commerce.

Jesus

________ is mentioned many times in the Quran, which affirms that he was born of Mary the Virgin.

Hebrews

The Quran forbids alcoholic beverages and gambling, as well as a number of foods, such as pork, a dietary regulation adopted from the Mosaic law of the ________.

British Isles

Slaves, known as thralls, were common in Scandinavian society, and Vikings took people from the ________ and territories along the Baltic Sea as part of their booty.

European Russia

Between the fifth and ninth centuries the eastern Slavs moved into the vast areas of present- day ________ and Ukraine.

Aachen

He (Alcuin) was the leader of a palace school at ________, where Charlemagne assembled learned men from all over Europe.

Charlemagne

________ left his vast empire to his sole surviving son, Louis the Pious (r. 814- 840), who attempted to keep the empire intact.

senior official

A comites- a(n) ________ or royal companion, later called a count- presided over the civitas, as had governors in Rome.

Muhammads religion

________ eventually attracted great numbers of people, partly because of the straightforward nature of its doctrines.

Charles Martel

________ and his son Pippin III (r. 751- 768) further strengthened their ties to the church by supporting the work of Christian missionaries.

ninth century

The ________ Viking assaults on Europe created extremely unstable conditions and individual insecurity, increasing the need for protection, accelerating the transition to serfdom, and leading to additional loss of personal freedom.

Quran sets

The ________ forth a strict sexual morality and condemns immoral behavior on the part of men as well as women.

feudal relationships

In ________, the "lord "was the individual or institution that had authority over a vassal, but the word lord was also used to describe the person or institution that had economic and political authority over peasants who lived in villages and farmed the land.

Ramadan

The believer must pray five times a day, fast and pray during the sacred month of ________, and contribute alms to the poor and needy.

Strait of Gibraltar

In 711 a Muslim force crossed the ________ and easily defeated the weak Visigothic kingdom.

moderate population

In terms of social changes, the Carolingian period witnessed ________ growth.

Clovis

________ established the Merovingian dynasty in about 481, and under him the Frankish kingdom included much of what is now France and a large section of southwestern Germany.

Caliph Abd al Rahman III

By about 950 ________ (912- 961) of the Umayyad Dynasty of Córdoba ruled most of the Iberian Peninsula from the Mediterranean in the south to the Ebro River in the north.

Arabia

In Muhammads time ________ was inhabited by various tribes, many of them Bedouins.

shuh REE

According to the Muslim sharia (________- uh), or sacred law, these five practices- the profession of faith, prayer, fasting, giving alms to the poor, and pilgrimage to Mecca- constitute the Five Pillars of Islam.

Muslims

All ________ have the obligation of the jihad (literally,"selfexertion) "to strive or struggle to lead a virtuous life and to spread Gods rule and law.

Pippin

________ became the first to be anointed with the sacred oils and acknowledged as rex et sacerdos, meaning king and priest.

Charlemagnes court

________ at Aachen was not the only center of learning in early medieval Christian Europe.

Moses

He is described as a righteous prophet chosen by God who performed miracles and continued the work of Abraham and ________, and he was a sign of the coming Day of Judgment.

infidel

A(n) ________ was an unbeliever, and the word carried a pejorative or disparaging connotation.

extensive property

The Vikings burned, looted, and did ________ damage, although there is little evidence that they caused long- term physical destruction.

Europe

In ________, Muslim political and cultural influence was felt most strongly in the Iberian Peninsula.

Queen Brunhilda

________ (543 ?- 613), for example, married first one Frankish king and at his death another.

Muslim mathematician al Khwarizmi

The ________ (d. 830) wrote the important treatise Algebra, the first work in which the word algebra is used mathematically.

Charlemagnes empire

________ was not a state as people today understand that term; it was a collection of peoples and clans.

Christian moralists

________ sometimes complained about the sale of Christians to nonChristians, but they did not object to slavery itself.

original Viking

The boyars were descendants of the ________ warriors, and they also held their lands as free and clear private property.

Muhammad

The Quran reveals ________ to be an extremely devout man, ascetic, self- disciplined, and literate, but not formally educated.

Northumbrian monasteries

________ produced scores of books: missals, psalters, commentaries on the Scriptures, illuminated manuscripts, law codes, and collections of letters and sermons.

great aristocratic families

Mayors were usually from one of the ________, which increasingly through intermarriage blended Frankish and Roman elites.

Battle of Poitiers

The ________ helped the Carolingians acquire the support of the church, perhaps their most important asset.

Battle of Lechfeld

Magyar forces were defeated by a combined army of Frankish and other Germanic troops at the ________ near Augsburg in southern Germany in 955, and the Magyars settled in the area that is now Hungary in eastern Europe.

late Roman Empire

With the start of the mass migrations of the ________, the Slavs moved in different directions and split into what historians later identified as three groups: West, South, and East Slavs.

Muhammads revelations

________ were written down by his followers during his lifetime and organized into chapters, called sura, shortly after his death.

Judeo Christian Scriptures

Muslims esteemed the ________ as part of Gods revelation, although they believed that the Quran superseded them.

Arabic science

________ reached its peak in the physician, philologist, philosopher, poet, and scientist ibn- Sina of Bukhara (980- 1037), known in the West as Avicenna.

century Danish Vikings

In the early tenth ________ besieged Paris with fleets of more than a hundred highly maneuverable ships, and the Frankish king Charles the Simple bought them off in 911 by giving them a large part of northern France.

Charlemagne

________ and his predecessors relied on the nobles to help wage wars of expansion and suppress rebellions, and in return these families were given a share of the lands and riches confiscated by the ruler.

ninth century

The ________ also saw invasions into Europe from the south.

Arab

By the ninth century ________ physicians had translated most of the treatises of the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates and produced a number of important works of their own.

Muslims

________ call Jews and Christians dhimmis, or "protected people, "because they were "people of the book, "that is, the Hebrew Scriptures.

Charlemagne

________ had a total of four legal wives, most from other Frankish tribes, and six concubines.