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classical conditioning
a type of learning where the organism learns to associate two stimuli
unconditioned stimulus
something that has a natural response and can be used to create certain behaviors through classical conditioning
unconditioned response
the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus.
conditioned response
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
conditioned stimulus
when a neutral object, action, or person is connected to a specific response over time
acquisition
the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge
extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
generalization
the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli
discrimination
the ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli.
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
law of effect
The principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences
punishment
an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
reinforcement
any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
zone of proximal development
The distance between where a learner is at developmentally on their own & where a learner could be with the help of a more knowledgeable other
shaping
the process of training a learned behavior that would not normally occur.
observational conditioning
when the observer learns to what circumstances a behavior should be a response
latent learning
learning becomes obvious only when reinforcement is given for the desired behavior.
primary reinforcer
things that motivate behavior because they satiate an individual's basic survival needs.
secondary reinforcer
a stimulus that reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer
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