Study guide

Insula

________- (Deep to the Temporal lobe- Responsible for processing taste .)

Interneurons

________- Found in spinal cord or found in the brain.

Calcitonin

________: Synthesized by: Parafollicular cells Stimulated by: Elevated blood calcium levels Target: Bone and kidneys Effect: Lowers blood calcium levels inhibiting osteoclasts.

Brocas

Language- ________ and Wernickes area work together to help us understand and produce language.

Phantom

________ pain- perception of pain from an amputated limb.

Glial Cells

________- AKA neuroglia, are found throughout the CNS.

Consolidation

________: The conversion of short- term memories into long- term memories Factors that can influence transfer:

Agonists

________: Bind to the same receptor as the neurotransmitter and elicits and effect that mimics that of the neurotransmitter Antagonists: Bind with a receptor and block the neurotransmitters response.

sensory input

A: Performs preliminary processing of all ________ on its way to the cortex.

Cerebrospinal fluid

________ is found within the ventricles of the brain.

Polysynaptic Reflex

________: More complex, multiples synapses with interneurons.

Visual

________- gives meaning to what we see.

Diencephalon

________ (Processing relaying sensory information, emotions, day /night cycle)

Reflexes

________: Rapid, involuntary reactions of muscles or glands to a stimulus.

Cerebellum

________ decides best way to coordinate muscle movement.

Dysfunction

________: Giantism or Dwarfism (early in childhood development) Acromegaly.

Motor areas

________ of cortex send information to cerebellum.

Q

________: Melatonin is an over- the- counter supplement that is widely available.

Thyroid Gland

________- Located anterior to the trachea composed of two lobes of endocrine tissue.

Thyrotropin

________- releasing hormone Stimulates release of TSH.

Corticotropin

________- releasing hormone Stimulates release of ACTH.

Parietal lobe

________ is the area of the brain that would be involved in processing the sensation of touch.

Prolactin

________- releasing hormone Stimulates release of PRL.

Anterior Pituitary Produces

________ and releases 5 tropic hormones and 1 peptide hormone.

Thyroid hormone

________: Also know as T3 and T4 Synthesized by: Follicular cells Stimulated by: TSH Effect: Determines base metabolic rate, increases heart rate and force of contraction.

sensory information

Alerts the cerebrum to incoming ________.

Gonadotropin

________- releasing hormone Stimulates release of FSH & LH.

Hypothyroidism

________: Decreased thyroid hormone Hyperthyroidism: Increased thyroid hormone.

stressful situations

Sympathetic: Dominates in emergency or ________.

parietal lobes Function

Location: Postcentral gyrus in the ________: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Temperature Receptive Field: The region surrounding a sensory neuron.

Occipital Lobe

________: Processing visual input (vision processed)

Pineal gland secretes

________ melatonin.

Cerebral Cortex The Cerebral cortex

________ is composed mostly of Cell bodies of neurons.

Hypothalamus

________- Directly regulates the internal environment maintain homeostasis.

Sensitization Definitions

________: Increased response to a repeated stimulus OR to a mild stimulus following a strong stimulus.

Temporal Lobe

________: Auditory and olfactory sensation (hearing and smell)

Habituation Definitions

________: Learning to ignore insignificant stimuli.

Midbrain Function

________: Contains visual and auditory reflex centers.

Adrenal Medulla

________: The adrenal medulla is a modified part of the sympathetic nervous system.

Sensory areas

________ There are 5 ________ in the cerebral cortex:

Adrenal Glands

________- are located superior to each kidney Two regions:

Efferent Neurons Responsible

________ for sending information away from CNS.

Reflex arc

________: Neural pathway involved in accomplishing reflex activity.

Diencephalon

________ (Middle of the brain) The diencephalon is the second major component of the brain.

Cerebellum

________ (Mini Brain) The cerebellum is the third major component of the brain.

Parietal Lobe

________: Receives and processes somatosensory input.

Central Nervous System

Includes the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Includes nerves found through the rest of the body

Respond to Stimuli (ex

touch or chemical response)

Definition

Rapid, involuntary reactions of muscles or glands to a stimulus

Somatic Reflexes

Reflexes involving the skeletal muscles

Visceral Reflexes

Reflexes involving the autonomic nervous system

Reflex arc

Neural pathway involved in accomplishing reflex activity

Monosynaptic Reflex

Simplest reflex, sensory axons synapse directly on motor neurons, no interneurons

Polysynaptic Reflex

More complex, multiples synapses with interneurons

Glial Cells

AKA neuroglia, are found throughout the CNS

Astrocytes Function

Most abundant glial cell

Ventricles

Continuous cavities within the brain

Blood Brain Barrier

The blood brain barrier (BBB) protects brain from general circulation by strictly regulating what substances can enter the interstitial fluid of the brain

Contains

Cerebral Cortex and Basal Nuclei

Contains

Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus

Cerebral cortex lobes

The hemispheres are divided into 4 major lobes

Parietal Lobe

Receives and processes somatosensory input

(Somatosensory

touch, heat, cold, pain)

Temporal Lobe

Auditory and olfactory sensation (hearing and smell)

Occipital Lobe

Processing visual input (vision processed)

Location

Parietal Lobe

Location

Temporal Lobe

NoneBashCSSCC GoHTMLObjective-CJavaJavaScriptJSONPerlPHPPowershellPythonRubyRustSQLTypeScriptYAMLCopy Location

Temporal Lobe

NoneBashCSSCC GoHTMLObjective-CJavaJavaScriptJSONPerlPHPPowershellPythonRubyRustSQLTypeScriptYAMLCopy Location

Insula

Sensory area dysfunction

What happens when something goes wrong in one of these areas

Visual

gives meaning to what we see

Language

Brocas and Wernickes area work together to help us understand and produce language

Speech impediments (Ex

Stuttering)

EEG Waves

An electroencephalogram (EEG) detects electrical activity within the cerebral cortex

Basal Nuclei

Masses of gray matter deep within white matter Primary function

Coordinates slow, sustained contractions (Ex

Posture, swinging arms)

Basal nuclei dysfunction

Parkinsonians Disease

Hypothalamus

Directly regulates the internal environment maintain homeostasis

A

Performs preliminary processing of all sensory input on its way to the cortex

Function

2nd largest area of the brain

NoneBashCSSCC GoHTMLObjective-CJavaJavaScriptJSONPerlPHPPowershellPythonRubyRustSQLTypeScriptYAMLCopyMajor function of the brain stem

Critical connecting link between spinal cord and higher brain regions composed of three regions

Midbrain Function

Contains visual and auditory reflex centers

Q

Which of the following statements regarding the brain stem is incorrect

A

The brain stem controls the processing of emotions and turning it into a physical response

Sleep Limbic System

A ring of forebrain structure that surrounds the brain stem

We have two kinds of memory

Short-term and Long-term

Habituation Definitions

Learning to ignore insignificant stimuli

Sensitization Definitions

Increased response to a repeated stimulus OR to a mild stimulus following a strong stimulus

Non-declarative

Implicit memory

Ex

dance routine, riding a bike)

Consolidation

The conversion of short-term memories into long-term memories Factors that can influence transfer

Q

What type of memory involves a decrease in neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron

Slow-Wave Sleep

(60-80 mins) Also known as resting sleep, divided into four stages determined by EEG waves

Paradoxical Sleep

(10 mins) Rapid eye movement (REM) the state during which dreams occur (no muscle movement prevent acting out our dreams)

REM is also called paradoxical sleep A

True Automatic Nervous System (ANS) Peripheral Nervous System Divisions of the PNS

Norepinephrine ANS Receptors Two types of ANS receptors

Tissues innervated by the ANS have one or more of several different receptor types for chemical messengers

Cholinergic Receptors

> Bind to ACh

Adrenergic Receptors

> Bind to NE (E)

Nicotinic Receptors

Found on postganglionic cell bodies of all autonomic ganglia