Vet Anatomy Test 1

Extrinsic muscles

One attachment to axial skeleton, one to appendicular skeleton (forelimb to trunk)

transfer weight to forelimb to stabilize scapula

propels limbs foreward

4 attach to scapula & 4 attach to humerus

Superior- Inferior on an animal is

Cranial- Caudal

Anterior-Posterior on an animal is

ventral- dorsal

The head is

an exception

for example: with the eyes we use superior, inferior, anterior, posterior

Sagittal plane

divides body into right/left parts

Median plane

midsagittal plane that divides body into left & right halves

Transverse plane

perpendicular to the long axis of the body

Dorsal plane

parallel to the back

Dorsal vs Ventral

dorsal directed toward the back, including manus and pes

ventral: directed toward the belly (NOT USED ON FEET)

Palmar vs plantar

palmar: surface of forepaw where pads are located distal to antebrachium

Plantar: surface of hindpaw where pads are located distal to crus

Cranial vs Caudal

used on legs & back

cranial: directed toward the head

Caudal: directed toward the tail

Rostral vs Caudal

used on head

rostral: directed toward the nose

caudal: directed toward the tail

Proximal vs Distal

proximal: toward main mass or origin

distal: away from main mass or origin

Axial vs Abaxial

used on digits

axial: directed toward the central axis of a limb

abaxial: directed away from the central axis of a limb

Extend versus flex

extend: increase flexor angle

flex: decrease flexor angle

Adduct vs Abduct

adduct: move limb toward body

abduct: move limb away from body

Pronation vs Supination

supinate: palm up

pronate: palm down

cutaneous trunci m.

1

brachiocephalicus muscle

attach to arm & head

cleidobrachialis m.

cleidocephalicus m.

separated into pars cervicalis & pars mastoidea

trapezius muscle

omotransversarius m.

on deep surface of this muscle is the superficial cervical lymph nodes

rhomboideus m.

superficial pectoral m.

deep pectoral m.

latissimus dorsi m.

serratus ventralis m.

supraspinatus m.

attachment: supraspinous fossa of the scapula and greater tubercle of the humerus

action: extend and stabilize the shoulder

nerve: subscapular nerve

blood: subscapular artery

deltoideus m.

attachments: spine and acromion of the scapula and deltoid tuberosity of humerus

action: flex the shoulder joint

nerve: axillary nerve

blood: caudal circumflex humeral artery

infraspinatus m.

attachments: infraspinous fossa of the scapula and greater tubercle of the humerus

action: flex and stabilize the shoulder; adbuct the limb at the shoulder joint

nerve: suprascapular nerve

blood: suprascapular artery

teres minor m.

attachments: caudal aspect of scapula and teres minor tuberosity of humerus

action: flex the shoulder joint

nerve: axillary nerve

blood: caudal circumflex humeral artery

subscapularis m.

attachments: subscapularis fossa of the scapula and lesser tubercle of the humerus

action: act as a shoulder stabilizer; adduct the limb at the shoulder joint

nerve: subscapular nerve

blood: subscapular artery

teres major m.

attachments: caudal border of the scapula and teres major tuberosity of the humerus

action: flex the shoulder joint

nerve: axillary nerve

blood: caudal circumflex humeral artery

coracobrachialis m.

attachments: coracoid process of scapula and lesser tubercle and teres major tuberosity of the humerus

action: stabilize the shoulder joint

nerve: musculocutaneous nerve

blood: cranial circumflex humeral artery

biceps brachii m.

attachments: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and proximal radius and ulna in combination with the tendon of the brachialis muscle

held in place by transverse humeral retinaculum (bridge looking foramen)

action: flex the elbow joint; extend the shoulder joint

nerve: musculocutaneous nerve

blood: brachial artery

brachialis m.

attachments: proximal humerus and medial aspect proximal radius and ulna

action: flex the elbow joint

nerve: musculocutaneous nerve

blood: brachial circumflex humeral branches

tensor fascia antebrachii m.

attachments: fascia on the lateral surface of the latissimus dorsi and olecranon

action: extend the elbow joint

nerve: radial nerve

blood: deep brachial artery

triceps brachii m.

attachments: long head: caudal border of the scapula to tuber olecrani

lateral head: tricipital line of humerus to tuber olecrani

medial head: crest of the lesser tubercle to tuber olecrani

accessory head: neck of the humerus to tuber olecranni

action: all heads extend the elbow joing; long head also flexes shoulder joint

anconeus m.

attachments; lateral supracondylar crest and epicondyle of the humerus to the olecranon

action: extend the elbow joint

continue on page 16 with antebrachium muscles

dog scapula glenoid cavity

dog scapula supraglenoid tubercle

dog scapula coracoid process

dog scapula spine

dog scapula acromion

dog scapula supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa

dog scapula serrated surface

dog scapula subscapular fossa

name and describe the two joints of the humerus

shoulder joint: scapula and humerus

elbow joint: humerus and radius & ulna

canine head of humerus

canine greater tubercle of humerus

canine lesser tubercle of humerus

canine intertubercular groove of humerus

canine tricipital line

on same side as greater tubercle

canine deltoid tuberosity

right under tricipital line, on same side as greater tubercle

canine humeral condyle

canine trochlea of humerus

same side as head

canine capitulum of humerus

same side as greater tubercle

canine lateral and medial epicondyles

medial- on head side

lateral- on greater tubercle side

canine brachial groove of humerus

right under deltoid tuberosity

canine lateral supracondylar crest of humerus

same side as greater tubercle

canine supratrochlear foramen of humerus

feline supracondylar foramen of humerus

canine head of radius

canine neck of radius

canine styloid process of radius

canine ulnar notch of radius

canine olecranon of ulna

canine tuber olecrani of ulna

very top tip of olecranon

canine trochlear notch of ulna

canine anconeal process of ulna

canine medial and lateral coronoid processes of ulna

canine radial notch of ulna

canine styloid process of ulna

what is the joint called between the antebrachium and the carpus

antebrachiocarpal joint

Name the bones of the carpus

Top left green: Accessory (always lateral)

Red: Ulnar

Right green: Intermedioradial

from white arrow left (medial to lateral): Carpal bone I, II, III, IV

Name the joints pointed by the arrows

Top: Antebarchiocarpal joint

Middle: Carpal joint

Bottom: Carpometacarpal joint

Metacarpal bones are numbered from _

Medial to lateral

I-V

Name the joint of the metacarpals (bottom arrows)

Metacarpophalangeal joints

Name the joints of the phalanges

digit one has no middle

P: proximal interphalangeal

M: middle interphalangeal

D: distal interphalangeal

Feline dewclaw

Flexor angles

Ionizing vs Nonionizing radiation

Ionizing: short wavelength, higher energy (DNA damage) ex: XRAY

Nonionizing: longer wavelength, lower energy

What happens when X-Ray strikes tissue

absorbed, scattered, or pass through (dark)

what are the different radiographic opacities

Air, fat, water, bone, metal

can only see margins if beside different opacity

What is radiographic summation

when images are superimposed they add together resulting in a mixed color

What is radiographic border effacement

when two structures of the same radiographic opacity are in contact, the margins cannot be distinguished

How are radiographic views named

for the direction the xray beam is traveling through the patient

what is the name of this xray

right lateral

what is the name of this xray

dorsoventral

what is the name of this xray

ventrodorsal

what is the name of this xray

lateral

what are the Roentgen signs

location, margination, number, opacity, shape, size

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