world civ test 2 Shawn Thibodeaux

Athens

A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.

Sparta

Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts

The Iliad

a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the siege of Troy. Virgil (70-19 BCE), who wrote The Aeneid, an epic poem meant to rival the ______

Polis/Poleis

An independent city-state in ancient Greece.

Hoplite

A citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek City-states. They were primarily armed as spear-men.

Phalanx Formation

a body of heavily armed infantry in ancient Greece formed in close deep ranks and files spartan method used to create sense of unity

Oligarchy

rule by few

a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.

Cleisthenes

(500BC) Established the world's first democracy in Athens "father of democracy"-all citizens had the right to participate in assembly. an aristocrat created council of 500 • Switched political sovereignty to a location rather than a person. Where you live mattered. • By 500 BCE, Athens was more united than it had ever been and would become a major player in Greek affairs. • Greek demos (people) and kratia (power)

Council of Five Hundred

The group chose by lot rather election that ran the day to day business of Athens and proposed laws for the Assembly to vote on

Greek Democracy

direct democracy, citizens(male) participate in government, three branches of government

Persian Wars

A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.

Thermopylae

100 miles from Athens; it is where the Greek soldiers held off the Persian army for 3 days then the Persians killed every soldier guarding the pass and then marched on to Athens where they set it on fire

Delian League

an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians

Pericles

Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens.

Peloponnesian War

(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north.

Alexander the Great

Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.

Socrates

• believed that the true aim of education was to improve the individual • true knowledge is within each person and only critical examination is needed to draw it out. • Teachings were chronicled by his student , Plato, into what is known as the Dialogues. • Eventually sentenced to death for his corruption of the Athenian youth and forced to drink hemlock, a poison.(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.

Plato's Forms

Blueprints of all things, non-physical and unchanging. Form of the "Good" is the highest form.

Yellow River

a large river in northern China, where Chinese civilization developed

Zhou Dynasty

A decentralized Chinese dynasty in China because of the massive size, and whose emperor was the first to claim to be a link between heaven and earth. Iron metallurgy increased in this dynasty. longest lasting dynasty

Mandate of Heaven

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

Silk Road

Connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture.

Yin & Yang

In Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities.

Confucianism

• He thought that we should assume that a rational order ruled the universe. • His philosophy was much more about politics, ethics, and human behavior. • The key to proper behavior was to behave in accordance with the Dao (Way).The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

Legalism

the belief that people were bad by nature and needed to be controlled

Daoism

not overly concerned with metaphysical questions about the cosmos. Rather, it seeks to set out proper forms of behavior for humans. __________, in contrast to Confucianism, argues that the best way to interpret the will of Heaven or the Dao is through inaction (wu wei).

Qin Shi Huangdi

First Emperor; only emperor of Qin Dynasty; legalist; abolished feudalism and established a bureaucracy; anti-religion; building of Great Wall and other public works

The Xiongnu

Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.

The Great Wall of China

The Wall extends over 4,000 miles from the sandy wastes of Central China to the sea. made to keep out northern nomadic people

Han Dynasty

• The _________ Dynasty would be considered one of the greatest and most durable dynasties in Chinese history.imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 CE and expanded its boundaries abandoned the harsh Legalistic policies

Romulus & Remus

Legendary figures in Roman history, they built a city that eventually became Rome.

Etruscans

the group of people who ruled Rome before Romans revolted

Consuls

Two most powerful officials from the patrician class were appointed each year The chief executive officers of the Republic were the ____________ and Praetors. ____________ possessed imperium, or "the right to command."

Praetors

government officials who interpret the law and serve as judges In 242 BCE, a second ___________ was added to deal with Rome's growth. The second_________ dealt with civil issues involving at least one non-citizen

Roman Senate

a council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders The __________, or Council of Elders, was made up of 300 men who served for life. • They were designed to advise the magistrates. • By the third century BCE, the ___________ word was law.

Centuriate

A roman assembly arranged by classes based on wealth to give the rich the most power

Council of Plebs

lower class assembly for the plebs only; came into being as a result of the struggle between the two social orders in Rome; later received the right to pass laws

Patricians

Powerful landowners who controlled Roman government and society

Plebeians

All non-land-owning, free men in Ancient Rome

the common people

Punic Wars

Wars between the Romans and Carthaginians that marked Rome as the preeminent power in the eastern as well as the western Mediterranean.

Latifundia

huge estates bought up by newly wealthy Roman citizens

First Triumvirate

60 BCE, unofficial coalition between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus

Julius Caesar

Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power

Caesar Augustus

The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).

Five Good Emperors

Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius

Pax Romana

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

Roman Gods

there gods were almost a copy of greek gods the family tree is almost identical with the exception of different names here and there. Jupiter, Neptune, Minerva, Mars, Venus, Apollo, Vulcan, Mercury

Catullus

Roman lyric poet remembered for his love poems to an aristocratic Roman woman (84-54 BC)

Cicero

A Roman senator renowned for his oratorical skill. Oratory was brought to perfection in a literary fashion by ___________(106-43BCE). • Oratory was often linked with being a statesmen, which __________ was, and he achieved his highest goals by pursuing an active life in public affairs. speaks at Caesar's triumphal parade. He later dies at the order of Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus.

Tacitus

A Roman historian who presented the facts accurately. He wrote about the good and the bad of imperial Rome in his Annals and Histories.

The Art of Love

Ovid

- during Augustus's reign

- techniques about love. makes women seen as objects; exiled from Rome since opposed to Augustus's belief

Roman Art & Architecture

-Copied Greek styles

-Was realistic and practical

Roman Law

this Roman contribution delt mostly with the rights of Roman citizens; one belief was that it should be fair and equal to all people Applied with Stoicism, the Romans came to identify their Law of Nations with natural law, which they believed provided all people with certain universal features, traits, or rights. • We would recognize some of these laws and principles today: • a person was regarded innocent until proven otherwise • people accused of wrongdoing could go before a judge • and a judge was expected to weigh evidence before making a ruling

Bread and Circus

A Roman bribery method of coping with class difference. Entertainment and food was offered to keep plebeians quiet without actually solving unemployment problems.

Gladiators

Men(usually slaves) who fought against one another or large animals as a form of entertainment for other

Judea

The land in the eastern Mediterranean region populated by Jews at the time of the Roman Empire

Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

Paul of Tarsus

A Jew from Asia Minor that played the most influential role in the spread of Christianity defined Christianity from Judaism

Edict of Milan

issued by Constantine officially tolerated Christianity in the Roman Empire

Diocletian and Constantine Reforms

-These reforms resulted in a more powerful Roman state that unfortunately drained much of the Empire's

resources

-The empire became the Late Empire, which included a

new governmental structure, a rigid economic and social

system, and a new state religion: Christianity

Constantinople

City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire

Visigoths

once allies with Rome. but soon revolted, and the Roman attempt to stop them at Adrianople in 378 led to a crushing defeat for Rome.

Western Roman Empire

Branch of the empire with Rome as capital defeated by visigoths

Eastern Roman Empire

thrived and became the Byzantine Empire

Collapse of the Roman Empire

Christianity undermined military virtues and patriotism • Traditional roman values declined as non-Italians gained prominence • Poisoning due to lead water pipes and cups caused a mental decline • Plague decimated the population • Rome failed to advance technologically because of slavery • Rome was unable to achieve a workable political system