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Who was the Portuguese Mariner who sailed to Calicut in 1498?
Vasco da Gama
During the early modern era, which non-European people explored the Indian Ocean?
Chinese & Ottoman
What were the main motivations behind European exploration?
Search for basic resources and lands for cash crops, the desire to establish new trade routes to Asian markets, and spreading Christianity
What was the first European nation to dominate trade with Asia?
Portugal
What crop did the Portuguese believe could be cultivated in the Atlantic Ocean Islands?
Sugar
What were some of the reasons the Europeans were interested in finding a maritime trade route?
The collapse of Mongol empire/bubonic plague made silk roads unsafe, wanted to eliminate Muslim intermediaries for spices and other goods and would increase the quantities of these goods and yield profits, also offered a more direct access to African markets
Why did the Reconquista end in 1492?
The Muslim kingdom of Granada fell to Spanish Christian forces just weeks before Christopher Columbus set sail
What were the advantages of lateen sails?
Very maneuverable and could catch winds from the side as well as behind
What was the astrolabe designed to measure?
Latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or polar star above the horizon
What were two Chinese maritime inventions?
Compass and stern post rudder
What are wind wheels?
They were created by strong winds blowing regularly north and south of the equator in the Atlantic/Pacific oceans and ocean currents follow a similar pattern
What was the Volta do Mar?
A strategy that enabled the Portuguese to sail from the Canaries to Portugal-instead of trying to force their way against the trade winds, they sailed northwest into the open ocean until they found the westerly winds and then turned east
Which man conquered the Moroccan port of Ceuta and sponsored a series of voyages down the West African coast?
Prince Henry of Portugal
Who was the first European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope?
Bartolomeu Dias
What was the profitable merchandise that Vasco da Gama purchased in India?
Pepper and Cinnamon
What did Christopher Columbus base his decision to sail west to Asia upon?
He believed the Eurasian landmass covered 270 degrees of longitude and that the earth was a relatively small sphere
What island did Columbus reach when he sent delegates to seek the court of the Emperor of China?
Cuba
On October 12th 1491, what island did Columbus land on?
Guanahani by Tainos, but rechristened San Salvador (in the Bahamas)
Who was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Which early explorers were Portueguese?
Dias, Da Gama, Magellan
Where did Ferdinand Magellan die?
Philippine Islands
Whose crew was the first to circumnavigate the world in 1522?
Magellan
Which country did most of the actual exploration of the Pacific Ocean?
England
Which explorer led three expeditions into the Pacific in the 18th century?
Captain James Cook
What island did Captain James Cook die on during a fight?
Hawaii
In their attempt to control the spice trade in the Indian Ocean during the 16th and 18th centuries, the Europeans...?
Achieved a monopoly with the help of alliances with South Indian Princes
What was the Portuguese dominance of trade dependent upon?
Their ability to control were ships reached port and payed duty tax
Which explorer seized Hormuz, Goa, and Melaka in the early 1500's?
Alboquerque
Which nation did the Portuguese lose the port of Melaka to in 1641?
Dutch
Which cities were Portuguese trading ports?
Calicut, Mocambique, Hormuz, Macau (CHMM)
Why was Portugall unable to maintain its early dominance of trade?
It was a small nation with a small population
What were the advantages the English and Dutch had over the Portuguese?
They sailed faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships, and they conducted trade through the join-stock company
What was the VOC?
Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (United East India Company), the Dutch joint-stock company
What country did the Philippines fall to?
Spain
Where was the center of Spanish commercial activity in Asia?
Manila
What religion did the native population of the Philippines convert to under Spanish rule?
Roman Catholicism
Who was Jan Pieterszoon Coen?
The architect of Dutch policy, who founded Batavia on the island of Java to serve as an entrepot for the VOC
What was the purpose of the Dutch Policy in Indonesia?
To establish a VOC monopoly over spice production and trade, enabling Dutch merchants to reap enormous profits in European markets
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