ap hug unit 2 - population and migration

age cohort

group of people with same age - share common experiences and historical events that shape their attitudes and beliefs

agricultural density

a measure of farmers per unit of arable land - calculated by dividing total number of farmers by total arable land

anti-natalism

government or societal strategies designed to discourage population growth by reducing birth rates and fertility rates

arithmetic density

measure of population density calculated by dividing the total population of an area by its total land area

asylum-seeker

someone who left fled their home country due to fear of persecution, is requesting protection and refuge in another country

brain drain

large-scale emigration of skilled and educated individuals from a country or region - seeking better opportunities (economic, working, or living)

brain gain

large-scale immigration of skilled and educated individuals into a country or region, contributing to its economy, innovation, and human capital - boosts its development

carrying capacity

maximum number of people an environment can sustain without environmental damage

center of population

specific geographic point representing the average location of a region’s entire population

chain migration

 the process of people moving to a place due to prior settlement of family or community there, forming social networks that influence subsequent migration flows

cornucopian

an optimistic view that human ingenuity, technology, and market forces will overcome resource limits and solve problems such as food shortages and population pressure

crude birth rate (CBR)

annual measure of live births in a population for every 1,000 people - calculated as (total live births/ total population) x 1,000

crude death rate (CDR)

total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people in a population

demographic momentum

the phenomenon where a population continues to grow for a period even after the fertility/birth rates have declined - due to a large portion of people still in their reproductive years

demographics

statistical characteristics of a human population, such as age, gender, income, ethnicity, and education

diaspora

scattered populations that originate from a common homeland but now live in different geographic locations, often maintaining cultural ties, languages, and other connections to their ancestral home

doubling time

estimated time it takes for a population to double in size at a constant annual growth rate - calculated using rule of 70 (70/population’s annual rate of natural increase) (natural increase=CBR-CDR)

elderly support ratio

number of elderly people relative to the working-age population - (65+/15-64) x 100

epidemiological transition

theory that describes the changes in disease patterns and mortality rates as a population undergoes economic and social development - closely related to the demographic transition model

guest worker (time-contract worker)

person who temporality migrates to a foreign country to fill a labor shortage for a fixed period - often in agriculture - and must return home when their contract ends

internal migration

movement of people within the same country’s borders, often driven by economic factors like jobs, or environmental and societal changes

internal displaced person (IDP)

someone forced to flee their home due to factors like conflict, natural disasters, or persecution, but they remain within the borders of their own country

international migration

movement of people across country borders driven by push factors (economic hardship or conflict) and pull factors (better job opportunities or safety)

interregional migration

permanent movement of people from one region to another within the same country, not across international borders

intervening obstacle

any feature or factor that blocks, hinders, or prevents migration from one location to another, affecting the migrant's ability to reach their intended destination (can be physical or socio-political)

intervening opportunity

positive pull factor that arises during a migrant’s journey, potentially causing them to settle in a new location instead of their original destination

intraregional migration

movement of people within the same country or region, often from a city to its suburbs, or from rural areas to cities