osteology

Mastoid process

A bony prominence located behind the ear, part of the temporal bone.

Styloid process

A slender, pointed piece of bone that serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons.

External auditory meatus

The ear canal that leads to the eardrum.

Foramen magnum

The large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.

Incisors

The front teeth used for cutting food.

Canines

The pointed teeth located next to the incisors, used for tearing food.

Premolars

The teeth located between canines and molars, used for crushing and grinding food.

Molars

The large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth used for grinding food.

Coronal suture

The fibrous joint that connects the frontal bone to the parietal bones.

Sagittal suture

The fibrous joint that connects the two parietal bones along the top of the skull.

Lambdoid suture

The fibrous joint that connects the parietal bones to the occipital bone.

Squamous suture

The fibrous joint that connects the temporal bone to the parietal bone.

Frontal bone

The bone that forms the forehead and the upper part of the eye sockets.

Parietal bones

The two bones that form the sides and roof of the skull.

Occipital bone

The bone that forms the back and base of the skull.

Nasal bone

The two small bones that form the bridge of the nose.

Lacrimal bone

The small bone forming part of the eye socket, located at the inner corner of the eye.

Zygomatic bone

The bone that forms the cheek and part of the eye socket.

Maxilla

The upper jawbone that holds the upper teeth.

Mandible

The lower jawbone, the only movable bone of the skull.

Temporal bone

The bone that forms the sides and base of the skull.

Sphenoid bone

A complex bone located at the base of the skull, contributing to the eye socket.

Ethmoid bone

A light and spongy bone located between the eyes, forming part of the nasal cavity.

Palatine bone

The bone that forms the back part of the hard palate of the mouth.

Vertebrae

The individual bones that make up the vertebral column (spine).

Cervical vertebrae

The seven vertebrae in the neck region, labeled C1 to C7.

Atlas

The first cervical vertebra that supports the skull.

Axis

The second cervical vertebra that allows for the rotation of the head.

Thoracic vertebrae

The twelve vertebrae in the upper and mid-back region, labeled T1 to T12.

Lumbar vertebrae

The five vertebrae in the lower back, labeled L1 to L5.

Sacrum

The triangular bone at the base of the spine, formed by the fusion of five vertebrae.

Coccyx

The small bone at the very end of the vertebral column, commonly known as the tailbone.

Pedicle

The short, thick bony process that connects the vertebral body to the vertebral arch.

Transverse process

The bony projections on either side of a vertebra.

Lamina

The part of the vertebral arch that connects the spinous process to the transverse processes.

Spinous process

The bony projection on the back of a vertebra.

Transverse foramen

The openings in the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae for the passage of blood vessels.

Vertebral body

The large, cylindrical part of a vertebra that bears weight.

Vertebral foramen

The opening in a vertebra through which the spinal cord passes.

Odontoid (dens)

The peg-like projection on the axis vertebra that allows for head rotation.

Superior articular process

The bony projections that form joints with the vertebrae above.

Ribs

The curved bones that form the rib cage, protecting the thoracic cavity.

Clavicle

The collarbone, connecting the arm to the body.

Acromial extremity

The end of the clavicle that articulates with the acromion of the scapula.

Sternal extremity

The end of the clavicle that articulates with the sternum.

Sternum

The breastbone located in the center of the chest.

Manubrium

The upper part of the sternum.

Body of sternum

The central part of the sternum.

Xiphoid process

The small, cartilaginous extension at the lower end of the sternum.

Scapula

The shoulder blade, a flat bone that connects the humerus with the clavicle.

Coracoid process

A small hook-like structure on the scapula for muscle attachment.

Acromion process

The bony process on the scapula that forms the highest point of the shoulder.

Spine of scapula

The prominent ridge on the posterior surface of the scapula.

Glenoid cavity

The shallow socket in the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus.

Infraspinous fossa

The depression below the spine of the scapula.

Supraspinous fossa

The depression above the spine of the scapula.

Humerus

The long bone of the upper arm.

Head of humerus

The rounded proximal end of the humerus that fits into the glenoid cavity.

Olecranon fossa

The depression on the posterior side of the humerus that accommodates the olecranon of the ulna.

Lateral epicondyle

The bony prominence on the outer side of the distal humerus.

Medial epicondyle

The bony prominence on the inner side of the distal humerus.

Ulna

The inner and larger bone of the forearm.

Olecranon process

The bony prominence of the ulna that forms the elbow.

Trochlear notch

The curved area of the ulna that articulates with the humerus.

Coronoid process

The projection on the ulna that fits into the coronoid fossa of the humerus.

Styloid process of ulna

The pointed projection at the distal end of the ulna.

Radial tuberosity

The bony prominence on the radius for muscle attachment.

Radius

The outer and shorter bone of the forearm.

Head of radius

The rounded proximal end of the radius that articulates with the humerus.

Styloid process of radius

The pointed projection at the distal end of the radius.

Hand bones

The bones of the hand, including carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

Carpals

The eight small bones that make up the wrist.

Metacarpals

The five bones that make up the middle part of the hand.

Phalanges

The bones of the fingers and toes.

Os Coxa

The hip bone, formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Iliac crest

The upper curved edge of the ilium.

Body of ilium

The large, flat part of the ilium.

Body of ischium

The lower part of the hip bone.

Obturator foramen

The large opening in the hip bone formed by the ischium and pubis.

Acetabulum

The socket in the hip bone that receives the head of the femur.

Pubis

The front part of the hip bone.

Pubis symphysis

The cartilaginous joint where the two pubic bones meet.

Ischial spine

The bony projection on the ischium.

Femur

The thigh bone, the longest bone in the body.

Head of femur

The rounded proximal end of the femur that fits into the acetabulum.

Neck of femur

The narrowed region just below the head of the femur.

Greater trochanter

The large bony prominence on the femur for muscle attachment.

Lesser trochanter

The smaller bony prominence on the femur for muscle attachment.

Lateral epicondyle of femur

The bony prominence on the outer side of the distal femur.

Medial epicondyle of femur

The bony prominence on the inner side of the distal femur.

Patellar surface

The smooth area on the femur where the patella (kneecap) articulates.

Lateral condyle

The rounded outer part of the distal femur that articulates with the tibia.

Medial condyle

The rounded inner part of the distal femur that articulates with the tibia.

Patella

The kneecap, a small bone that protects the knee joint.

Tibia

The larger bone of the lower leg, commonly known as the shinbone.

Medial malleolus

The bony prominence on the inner side of the ankle, part of the tibia.

Lateral condyle of tibia

The rounded outer part of the proximal tibia that articulates with the femur.

Medial condyle of tibia

The rounded inner part of the proximal tibia that articulates with the femur.

Fibula

The smaller bone of the lower leg, located alongside the tibia.

Lateral malleolus

The bony prominence on the outer side of the ankle, part of the fibula.