Strong Acids
HCl, HNO3, H2SO4
Weak Acids
CH3COOH, any not listed in strong acids
Strong Bases
Group I hydroxides, Group II hydroxides (except Be and Mg)
(ex. NaOH)
Weak Base
NH3
True or False: acids react with active metals to produce hydrogen gas
true
True or false: acids react with bases to produce salts
true
definition of acids and bases in the Brønsted–Lowry
an acid is a proton (H⁺) donor, and a base is a proton acceptor
Conjugate pairs
an acid base pair that differs by one proton (the acid has one more than the base)
ex. HCl, conj. Cl-
Stong v Weak re disassociation
strong - disassociate 100%
weak - disassociate less than 1% (no real set number)
Can you titrate a weak acid with a weak base
no
Monoprotic
acid that can donate one proton (H+)
ex. HCl
Polyprotic
acid that can donate more than one proton
ex. H2SO4, H3PO4
Amphiprotic
can donate and accept protons, normally neutral ish pH
Ex. H2O
Does water dissociate
yes, sparingly, can write equilibrium equation
relationship between pH and pOH (equation)
pH + pOH = 14
Kw equation
[H+] * [OH-] = 1.0 x 10ˆ-14
if Kw is small it will dissociate a lot/very little
very little
Calculating pH equations
pH = -log[H+]
[H+] = 10ˆ(-pH)
Calculating pOH equations
pOH = -log[OH-]
[OH-] = 10ˆ(-pOH)
equilibrium weak acids
weak acids dissociate a very small amount. equilibrium equation is written since it happens so sparingly
Equi expression: Ka = ([A-][H3O+]) / [HA]
What is HA
generic acid formula (no A element)
Steps for calculating Ka of weak acids (can only do for weak acids because they are two way)
write the dissociation equation for weak acid
set up ICE box
plug in [weak acid] in the “I” row under the weak acid
plug in zeroes in the “I” row under the H3O+ and conjugate base (A-)
Calculate the [H3O+], if not given
use the equation [H3O+] = 10ˆ(-pH)
Plug in the [H3O+] in the E row under H3O+
Solve ICE box
the change under HA is negligible, don’t bother subtract it
Solve for Ka
Bromothymol Blue (BTB)
yellow 6-8 blue (SA/SB)
Methyl Orange
red 4-6 yellow (SA/WB)
Phenolphthalein
colorless 8-10 pink (WA/SB)
pH curve SA/SB
Starts at ~1, equi point at ~7, ends at ~13??
pH curve WA/SB
Moves up by the same amount, ±2
start ~3, equi ~9, ends at ~13??
pH curve WB/SA
Moves down by same amount, ±2
start ~11, equi ~5, end ~1
Buffers
buffers are solutions that resist changes to pH when an acid or base is added
how to make a buffer (2 ways)
mix a weak acid with is salt form conj. base
partial neutralization (AP chem): make a buffer by partially neutralizing a weak acid