Understanding The Self MIDTERM

Psychology

comes from two Greek words psyche and logos, meaning soul and study. Also defined as the scientific study of human behavior of living organisms, with special attention to human behavior.

Behavior

can be defined as the actions or reactions of a person in response to external or internal stimulus situation.

Overt/OBSERVABLE (Behavior)

Any action that others can observe and measure. - walking -talking-gestures

Covert/UNOBSERVABLE (Cognitive Actions)

Not externally visible- thoughts- feelings- emotions

William James (1890)

was one of the earliest psychologists to study the self and conceptualized the self as having two aspects the "I" and the "me".

"I"

is the thinking, acting, and feeling self (Gleitman, Gross, and Reisburg 2011; Hogg, and Vaughan 2010).

"me"

is the physical characteristics as well as psychological capabilities that makes who you are

IDENTITY

is composed of personal characteristics, social roles, and responsibilities, as well as affiliations that define who one is (Oyserman, Elmore, and Smith 2012).

Self-concept

is what basically comes to your mind when you are asked about who you are (Oyserman, Elmore, and Smith 2012).

Self-identity and self-concept

are not fixed in on-e time frame, and they are not fixed for life nor are they ever-changing at every moment.

The Material self

body, clothes, family, home other material possession.

The Social self

image of the individual in the eyes of the people.

The Spiritual self

includes one’s thought, belief and feelings.

Carl Rogers

captured this idea in his concept of self-schema or our organized system or collection of knowledge about who we are

the private self

or your internal standards and private thoughts and feelings.

The public self

or your public image commonly geared toward having a good presentation of yourself to others

ACTUAL SELF

is who you are at the moment

IDEAL SELF

is who you like to be.

OUGHT SELF

is who you think you should be.

SELF- AWARENESS

may be positive or negative depending on the circumstances and our next course of action

Ideal self

is the person you want to be. This person has the attributes or qualities you are either working toward or want to possess. It's who you envision yourself to be if you were exactly as you wanted.

Self-image

refers to how you see yourself at this moment in time. Attributes like physical characteristics, personality traits, and social roles all play a role in your self-image.

Self-esteem

How much you like, accept, and value yourself all contribute to your self-concept. can be affected by a number of factors including how others see you, how you think you compare to others, and your role in society

Donald W. Winnicott (1896- 1971)

An English paediatrician and psychoanalyst who studied child development. Having true and false selves was observed from children or people through play.

True self

an individual is creative, spontaneously experiencing each day of their lives, appreciating being alive, real integrated and connected. To the whole existence

False self

manifested as a form of defence. It lacks spontaneity, is dead and empty. It is the mask that hides the true person for fear of the pain of rejection and failure.

Albert Bandura (1925-present)

a Canadian-American psychologist, known as the originator of social learning theory (renamed the social cognitive theory).

Intentionality

refers to the actions performed by the person intentionally or with full awareness of his behavior.

Forethought

refers to the person's anticipation of likely outcomes of his behavior.

Self-regulation

is an active, constructive process whereby learners set goals for their learning and then attempt to monitor, regulate, and control their cognition, motivation, and behavior, guided and constrained by their goals and the contextual features in the environment

Self-efficacy

is a functional self-awareness in which students reflect on their personal efficacy, thoughts, actions, the meaning of their pursuits, and make corrective adjustments if necessary.

Eastern Self

Everyone is interconnected in a drama with specific roles. Self-cultivation: The cultivated self in Confucianism is what some scholars call a “subdued self” wherein personal needs are repressed [subdue] for the good of many.

Western Self

focuses on self (Individualistic). You compare in order to be better. You create associations and bask in the glory of that group for your self-esteem. You put primacy on developing yourself.

Buddhism

The self is seen as an illusion, born out of ignorance, of trying to hold and control things, or human centered needs; thus, the self is also the source of all these suffering.

Confucianism

It can be seen as a code of ethical conduct, of how one should properly act according to their relationship with other people; thus it is also focused on having a harmonious social life.

Taoism

prefers to live a simple life. Self is not an extension of family or community. Self is part of the universe, one of the forms and manifestations of the Tao.

Hinduism

is an ancient collection of traditions and beliefs that have existed and evolved over the course of human history.

Western

referred as the school of thought from Greek Philosophy. It is rooted from Rome and Christianity. Laws are the ones that govern the behavior. It is individualist in culture. It is all about 'I'.

Eastern

roots are from Asia. They believe that natural world does not follow laws, it simply 'is'. It is collectivist in culture. It is all about 'We'. Drawn on people's actions and thought as one.

Brahman

is the divine spiritual truth, or the soul of god, that encompasses all beings in the universe.re the ones that govern the behavior. It is individualist in culture. It is all about 'I'.

Proper Sleep

Sufficient sleep regulates the hormones that are directly related to our mood and emotions.

Eat a balanced diet

When your body lacks essential nutrients, it leads to serious health problems. Moreover, you end up facing emotional distress and anxiety.

Deal with stress

Although it is difficult to avoid stress nowadays, however, it is definitely possible to deal with it.

Exercise Daily

When you remain physically active and exercise daily, your blood flow improves in your entire body.

Stay away from smoking and Drinking

If you keep drinking and smoking, no matter how much you spend on your health and how hard you try, your efforts are going to be wasted.

Be Social as much as you can

Isolation and lack of communication are the two biggest reasons for depression, mental and physical illnesses.

Laugh and Enjoy

Don’t take life too seriously. Those who remain happy smile more and try to keep themselves happy experience better quality of life than those who remain worried all the time.

"I"

as the one who acts and decides

"me"

is what you think or feel about yourself as an object

Collectivism

is an idea that man should think, live, and act towards certain goals that benefits the group. A group may be a family, clan, community, nation, or the entire human race.

Individualistic cultures

put more emphasis on promoting the individual and the immediate family's welfare.

Individualism

does not promote isolation. It is grounded on the idea that an individual makes judgements, acts based on his or her own thoughts and disagrees with others.

Confucius

introduced another concept of the self the subdued self-meaning being a “person for others” The golden rule of “Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you.”

physical self

refers to the body. It is the tangible aspect of the person that can be directly observed and examined.in defining a human being, it can be said that a human being has two arms, two legs, two eyes, two ears, one nose, a mouth, tissues, among others.