APHUG - Unit 5

Earliest settlements

Near rivers due to enriched soil and resources.

Agricultural Surplus

When crop yields are sufficient to feed more people than just the farmer and their family. [ Agricultural Surplus and socioeconomic stratification necessary for development ]

Socioeconomic Stratification

Structuring of society into different groups, such as a leader, government, ruling class.

The First Urban Revolution

A period characterized by socioeconomic stratification and agricultural surplus that led to the emergence of early cities.

Urban Hearth Areas

Regions where the world's first cities evolved, such as Mesopotamia, the Nile River valley, the Indus River Valley, and the Yellow River Valley in China.

Site

The absolute location of a place on Earth, defined by specific coordinates.

Situation

The relative location of a place in relation to its surroundings.

Diffusion of Urbanization (Europe)

Began with the Greek and Roman empires, where cities grew as outposts using water transportation through aqueducts and a road and highway system.

Development of Cities in Spain, Chinatown, Americas

Various influences shaping cities: Spanish cities as centers of learning and commerce, Chinese cities around traditions and beliefs, and American cities marked by control and subjugation.

Capitalism

An economic and political system where a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners rather than the state.

Communism

An economic and political system in which all property is publicly owned and managed.

Rural to Urban Migration in China

Under communism, rural Chinese were forced to migrate to cities; after state policy reform, many abandoned poverty.

Transport Technologies for cities

Henry Fords Model T, Samual Morse telegraph, Alexander Ghrams Telephone

Streetcar Suburb

A settlement outside of a city connected by streetcar lines, allowing for easy transportation in and out of the city.

Second Urban Revolution

The period marked by industrial innovations in mining and manufacturing that led to urban growth [ result of industrialization and innovations in mining ]

Effects of Second Urban Revolution

Reshaped cities, capitalist cities(housing districts became segregated based on money), ancient urban hearth areas(little separation between ones home and workplace)

Government Policies

Ancient cities(leaders managed agriculture etc), Colonialism( euro. Colonial cities as administrative or commercial centers), Industrial Revolution(govt policies regulated transport, housing, cultural life)

Redevelopment

A set of activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times; redevelopment around waterways, canals, and harbors has revitalized modern cities by bringing in buisnuss opportunities, creating cultural settlers

Common site feature to hearth cities in Africa and Asia

Rivers in the Nile, Mesopotamia, Indus and Huang Ho valleys

1. Connection between agriculture and urbanization

2. Why cities couldn’t support large populations in the first urban revolution

1. As cities grew agricultural production and transportation must develop to get products to the city

2. Agricultural production

Metropolis

Very large and densely populated city particularly the capital or major city of a country or region (New York)

Urban area

- any self governing place in teh unites states that contains at least 2500 people

Urban Area

Any self governing area in the US that contains at least at least 2500 people

Urbanized area

An urban area with 50,000 people or more

Urban cluster

An urban area with fewer than 50,000 inhabitants

Suburb

Populated areas on the outskirts of a city (small stores and businesses, residents may travel to the city for work)

Urbanization pattern

1. 55% live in cities, 2050 rise to 68%

2. High Urbanization Rate Europe, Latin America, Caribbean (75% or more living in urban areas)

3. Low Urbanization Rate 40% or less

4. Increase in urbanization - unemployment for migrants, not enough housing, water and sewage systems cant handle influx

Urbanization rate

% of nations population living in towns and cities

Meta Cities & Megacities

1. Result of rapid urbanization

2. Top 5 meta - Tokyo, Delhi, Shanghai, San Paulo, Mexico

3. Top 5 Mega - Cairo, Mumbai, Beijing, Dhaka, Osaka, Kyoto

4. Classified by population only

1. Suburbanization

2. Sprawl

1. The movement of people from urban cores areas to area to the surrounding outskirts of a city (started 19th booming 20th cent.)

2. The tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner

1. Automobile Cities

2. Decentralize

3. Edge cities

1. Cities whose shape and size is dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership; layout is oriented around cars ( Miami, Atlanta, Las Vegas, Phoenix)

2. To move operations from core city areas onto outlaying areas such as suburbs

   A. Branch offices to suburbs to be closer to workforce and led to edge cities

3. Concentration of businesses, shopping, entertainment that developed in suburbs outside of city’s traditional downtown or central business district

1. Boomburbs/boomburg

2. Infill development

3. Exurb

1. More than 100,000 residents but not core cities in metropolitan areas; large suburbs w/ own govt; needs lots of land and sustained development

2. The building of new retail, business or residential spaces on vacant on underused parcels in already developed areas

3. An exurb is a small, less crowded community located beyond the suburbs, usually with more open space and a rural feel

Urban hierarchy

1. Way to rank cities and towns based on their size, population, power, and services. Generally larger cities are at the top of the hierarchy

2. Village, Town, City, Metropolis, Megalopolis

Urban System

1. Network of cities and towns connected through transportation, communication, trade, and social interaction.

2. Interdependence, Flow of goods, people and info, social and economic connections

3. Bay Area (tech and social hub)

Rank-Size Rule

1. Population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy

2. Largest city have 1 million, Second largest city ½ of that, and third largest city has 1/3 of 1st

Primate City

1. Largest city in a country which is significantly larger and more influential than any other city in the region

2. Dominates country’s economy, politics, culture, and population

3. Paris, France. Bangkok, Thailand. Mexico City, Mexico (can leave other cities less urbanized)

4. Causes - economic factors, centralization of wealth and resources, colonial legacy

Walter Christaller’s central place theory

1. (Christallers’s ) Central Place Theory

2. Range

3. Threshold

1. explains how towns, cities, and villages are distributed in a region, based on their size and the services they provide. Larger cities (central places) offer specialized goods and services and are spaced farther apart, while smaller towns and villages provide basic services and are closer together. This creates a hierarchical pattern where people travel to the closest place that meets their needs.

2. In CPT the distance people are willing to travel to acquire a good

3. In CTP the number of people required to support a business (demand for good in comparison to where it is placed)

Types of Settlements FIX

1. Harbor

2. Island

3. Fall Line

4. Confluence

1. Access to board and trade (Istanbul,Turkey)

2. Defence and hard to reach (Paris,France)

Types of Settlement sites FIX

1. Hilltop/Acropolis

2. Oasis

3. River Narrowing

4. Religious Pllgramage

5. Commander of..

6. Trade Route

Borchert’s Epoch

1. Sail and Wagon Cities (1790 - 1830)

2. Steamboat - Iron Horse(1830-1870)

1. US new country , boats and ships, wagons (ex. Boston (harbor site) , New York, Philadelphia)

2. Early westward expansion, trains on iron tracks, steamboats, ppl settle along rivers for settlements

Borchert’s Epoch

1. Long Haul/ Steel Rail 1870-1920

2. Automobiles *1950’s after WW2

1. Wes

1. World City… Role in globalization?

2. …as nodes

1. A city that is a control central of the global economy in which major decisions abt financial morkets and commercial networks are made

   A. Key characteristics : cultural diversity and institutions, headquarters of multinational companies, banks, stock exchanges…. New York, London, Tokyo

   B.Wealthy people concentration in world cities

2. World cities as nodes at global scale exerting political power and connection to other big cities

   Ex. Bergen Norway cod production led to trading and it having economic power (not world city rn)

Gated communities

Privately governed secured residential area with amenities for the wealth, cutting them off from the poor

In some ways urban wealthy have opted out of participation in world city

What are the networks and linkages that drive globalization with WORLD CITIES

1. Transport services - mostly built on waterways so have a harbor can handle cargo ships, railways connected to transport cargo, modern inter. & dom. Airports

2. Communications Systems- advanced comm systems access to immediate info, news to international powers

3. Large law firms, pools of job talents, high employment opportunities, powerful marketing companies affect consumer taste

City Structures in general

1. Most cities were unplanned driven by usefulness and accesebilty to transport

2. Early cities were compact as people walked but long distance travel was achieved by horse car, cable car, railroad, trolley, streetcar and land near here was expensive

3. New transport systems cause socieoeconomic divide (income inequality) wealthy ppl in suburbs and large houses low income in multi family housing and mass transit

Automotive effect on city landscape?

1. Big cities contained housing units for all economic class as automobiles became more ubiquitous people began to sprawl from the suburbs with bigger housing leading to the movement of jobs and commercial properties to follow

Population density gradient

1. Perceived density

2. Zoning regulations

1. The general impression of the estimated people present in a given area (lots of multistory apartments = high population)

2. Laws that dictate how land can be used

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

Hoyt Sector Model

Harris & Ullman multiple nuclei model

Latin American City Model

South Asian City Model

Multiple Nuclei Model

- Created in 1945 to explain cities with decentralized growth and multiple activity hubs.

- Cities develop around functional nodes (e.g., industrial, residential) based on specific needs and land use.

- Explains diverse urban patterns but struggles with unique layouts and assumes independent node development.

Hoyt Sector Model

• Developed by Homer Hoyt in 1939 to improve upon Burgess’s model.

• Cities grow in wedges or sectors, not rings, based on transportation routes and accessibility.

• High-income housing expands along desirable areas, like major roads, while industry follows railways or waterways.

Concentric Zone Model

- Chicago during rapid industrializationÂ

- migrants move in to low quality homes is sector pushing long terms residents move to better housing in zones 4 and 5 (automobile access)Â

- Buisinesses in CBD can generate enough to stay in centerÂ

Galactic City Model

• Developed in the 1960s to describe post-industrial cities shaped by suburbanization and car dependence.

• Cities have a central CBD surrounded by specialized edge cities connected by highways. (Highway Belt)

• Explains modern sprawl and decentralized growth but assumes car-based cities and may not fit older urban areas.

African City Model ??

• Reflects cities in sub-Saharan Africa, influenced by colonial history and rapid urbanization.

• Features three CBDs: traditional, colonial, and informal markets, with residential zones extending outward.

• Explains fragmented city structure but oversimplifies diverse urban forms across Africa.

Southeast Asian City Model??

• Based on cities in Southeast Asia, shaped by colonial history and coastal trade.

• Features a port at the center with surrounding zones for commerce, housing, and industry.

• Explains growth around ports but doesn’t fit inland or non-colonial cities.

Latin American City Model??

• Developed to describe cities in Latin America, influenced by colonial history and rapid urbanization.

• Features a central plaza (CBD), with zones for elite housing along main roads and squatter settlements on the outskirts.

• Explains the sharp contrast between wealth and poverty but oversimplifies diverse urban patterns.

Gentrification

The displacement of lower income resident by higher income residents as an area or neighborhood improves

City patterns general (land,population)

• land value and population density decrease farther from the city

• As residential housing in cities increases so does population density

• Wealthier people in suburbs as they have transport to the city and want bigger housing

Red lining

1. Practice of identifying high risk neighborhoods on a city map and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy in those neighborhoods > poorer neighborhoods become more run down

1. Block Busting

2. White Flight

1. Realtors persuade white home owner in a neighborhood to sell their homes by convincing them that the neighborhood is declining due to black people moving in but then they sell properties to the black people which causes

2. The mass movement of white people from the city to the suburbs

3. Which both affect affordability of the housing

Housing choice voucher program

A federal govt program to assist very low income families, the elderly, and the disabled with affordable, decent, safe, and sanitary housing

Squatter settlements (favela)

An area of degraded, seemingly temporary inadequate and often illegal housing (dont have right to hold or own property (land tenure))

1. Inclusionary Zoning

2. Exclusionary zoning

3. NIMBY’s

4. Below market rate housing

1. Municipal and county planning in ordinances that require a given share of new construction that has to be affordable for people with low to medium incomes

2. Zoning that attempts to keep low to moderate income people out of a zone

3. “Not in my backyard” people who try to prevent affordable housing in their area

4. Housing that costs much less then going rate

1. Fiscal imbalance

2. Fiscal zoning

1. Occurs when a govt must spend more that in receives in taxes

2. The practice of using local land use regulation to preserve and possibly enhance the local property tax base