Botany: Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

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36 Terms

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Hilum

A critical point on the ovule where it connects with the funicle, playing a significant role in the ovule's attachment and nutrient transfer.

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Sporoderm

The intricate protective cell wall of pollen grains, comprised of two layers: the exine (outer) and the intine (inner).

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Exine

The robust outer layer of pollen grains, constructed from sporopollenin, known for its exceptional durability and resistance to degradation.

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Intine

The delicate inner layer of the pollen grain wall, formed from cellulose and pectin, providing internal support and structure.

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Sporopollenin

Considered the most resilient organic compound, it forms the exine of pollen grains, effectively protecting them from environmental extremes.

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Pollen viability

The specific duration during which pollen grains maintain their ability to successfully germinate upon reaching the stigma of a flower.

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Cryopreservation

An advanced technique involving the preservation of pollen grains at extremely low temperatures, utilizing liquid nitrogen to extend their viability for future fertilization.

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Vegetative cell

The larger component of a mature pollen grain, characterized by abundant food reserves essential for supporting pollen tube growth.

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Generative cell

The smaller yet crucial cell found within a mature pollen grain, responsible for dividing to form two sperm cells needed for fertilization.

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Cleistogamy

A reproductive condition in which flowers remain closed and do not open, ensuring self-pollination without reliance on external pollinators.

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Geitonogamy

A form of pollination that involves the transfer of pollen between two flowers that are located on the same plant, promoting genetic similarity.

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Xenogamy

The process of pollination in which pollen grains are transferred from one plant to a different plant, facilitating genetic diversity and hybrid vigor.

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Antipodal cells

Cells situated at the chalazal end of the embryo sac, typically degenerate as development proceeds, reflecting their non-essential role post-fertilization.

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Apocarpous pistil

A type of pistil composed of carpels that remain distinct and separate from one another, allowing for independent development and fertilization.

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Syncarpous pistil

A pistil formed from fused carpels, creating a unified structure that allows for a collective development of ovules.

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Polar nuclei

Two nuclei located centrally within the embryo sac that unite during fertilization in a process termed triple fusion.

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Specialized cells positioned at the micropylar end of the embryo sac, which play a supportive role in guiding the pollen tube towards the egg cell.

Synergids

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Zygote

The resultant diploid cell formed when a male gamete successfully fertilizes an egg cell, marking the beginning of a new organism.

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Triple fusion

A critical process in fertilization, wherein a male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei to create a triploid primary endosperm nucleus, vital for nourishing the developing embryo.

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Endosperm

The tissue formed within seeds that surrounds and provides essential nutrients for the developing embryo, playing a key role in seed viability.

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Dormancy

A physiological state in which the seed embryo remains inactive and unable to germinate until specific environmental conditions are met.

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Germination

The transformative process wherein a seed transitions into a seedling, necessitating favorable environmental conditions, such as moisture and temperature.

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Polyembryony

A phenomenon where multiple embryos develop within a single seed, allowing for increased chances of successful propagation.

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Cleistogamous flowers

Flowers characterized by their inability to open, ensuring self-pollination and gene preservation in stable environments.

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Nectaries

Glandular structures present in flowers that secrete nectar, an attractant for pollinators, thus enhancing the likelihood of successful pollination.

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Orthotopes ovule Examples: Piper, Polygonum, Cycas.

Ovules that have their micropyle, chalaza, and funicle aligned in a straight configuration; they represent the most primitive form of ovule. Give examples

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Anatropous ovule Example: most angiosperms. 82%

A type of ovule positioned at a 180° angle, so the micropyle is in proximity to or aligned with the hilum; Give example

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Hemianatropous ovule Example: Ranunculus.

Ovules that display a 90-degree angle between the funicle and the body; they are somewhat intermediate in form. Give examples

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Campylotropous ovule

Example: Cruciferae. luciferea

Ovule is curved more or less at right angle to funicle. Microplar end is bend down slightly Give examples

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Amphotropus ovule Example: Lemna, Alisma. Poppy

Ovules where both the ovule and the embryo have a horseshoe shape; this form is less common. Give examples

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Circinotropous ovule Example: Opuntia and Plumbaginacea

Ovule turns more than 360 degree angle. Give examples

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Miotic division

The formation of haploid microspores from diplois mother micrspores is known as

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Miotic division

The process of formation of vegetative and generative cells from microsporangia is known as

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Polygonum, Oenothera

Exmple of monosporic embryo sac

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Allium, Endymion

Example of bisporic embryo sac

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Adoxa, Plumbago

Example of tetrasporic embryo sac