Philippine History (Chapter 3 - Chapter 4)

When was the First Catholic Mass in the Philippines celebrated?

March 31, 1521.

What day of the week was the First Catholic Mass celebrated?

Easter Sunday.

What is the historical significance of this 1521 Mass?

It was the first recorded celebration of the Catholic Mass in the Philippines.

What religion became the dominant religion in the Philippines after this event?

Catholicism.

What detail about the First Catholic Mass remains debated by historians today?

Its exact location.

Who is the most important primary source for information about the First Mass?

Antonio Pigafetta.

What role did Antonio Pigafetta have in Magellan’s voyage?

He was the official chronicler who joined the expedition.

Why is Antonio Pigafetta considered a reliable witness for the Site of the First Mass?

He personally documented every detail of the expedition he witnessed.

What is the title of Antonio Pigafetta’s written work?

The First Voyage Around the World.

What makes Pigafetta’s book uniquely valuable to historians?

It is the only complete surviving firsthand record of Magellan’s expedition.

On what date did Magellan’s expedition first reach the Philippine islands?

March 16, 1521

What was the first island the expedition spotted in the Philippines?

Samar

What local drink made from palm wine did the Spaniards encounter?

Uraca

Where did the expedition stay for about one week after arriving?

Homonhon

What name did the Spaniards give to Homonhon?

Acquada da li buoni Segnialli

What does Acquada da li buoni Segnialli mean?

Watering place of good signs

What accident happened to Antonio Pigafetta on March 25, 1521?

He fell into the sea and nearly drowned

How did Pigafetta describe his rescue from drowning?

He considered it a miracle.

What is the name of the small local boat used by Filipinos at that time?

Boloto.

Who served as the interpreter between the Spaniards and native Filipinos?

Enrique, a slave from Sumatra.

What did Magellan and the local ruler/king agree to become which also means allies or brothers?

Casi Casi

Who was Raja Colambu?

The ruler of Mazaua.

Who was Raja Siaui?

The ruler of Butuan and Calagan.

What symbolic object did the Spaniards and locals plant after the Mass?

A large wooden cross.

On what date did the expedition leave Mazaua?

April 7, 1521

What place did the expedition travel to after leaving Mazaua?

Zubu, which is now known as Cebu.

What tree did Antonio Pigafetta describe as extremely valuable?

The coconut tree.

Why did Pigafetta consider the coconut tree so valuable?

One coconut can be used to make many different things.

What nuts did the local people chew?

Areca nuts.

What were areca nuts wrapped in when chewed?

Betel leaves.

Why did the locals practice betel nut chewing?

They believed it had health benefits.

How did the locals worship their supreme being?

They raised their hands toward the sky and called upon this being.

What name did the locals use for their supreme being?

Abba.

What are the two main competing claims for the site of the First Catholic Mass?

The Butuan (Masau) claim and the Limasawa (Mazaua) claim.

Why is Raja Siaui’s presence not proof that the Mass was held in Butuan?

Raja Siaui’s was the ruler of Butuan, but he was only a visitor to Mazaua.

What does Pigafetta record as the latitude of Mazaua?

Approximately 9 degrees and 40 minutes North.

What is Limasawa’s actual latitude?

Around 9 degrees and 56 minutes North.

Which claim is supported by stronger geographical and historical evidence?

The Limasawa claim.

What was the official decision of the true site of the First Catholic Mass?

Officially declared Limasawa.

What major later event was indirectly led by the Cavite Mutiny?

The Philippine Revolution of 1896.

On what exact date did the Cavite Mutiny take place?

January 20, 1872.

Where exactly did the Cavite Mutiny happen?

At Fort San Felipe, Cavite Arsenal.

What was the most tragic consequence of the Cavite Mutiny?

The execution of three Filipino priests.

What collective name refers to the three executed priests?

GomBurZa.

On what date were Gomburza executed?

February 17, 1872.

Who wrote the Spanish account of the Cavite Mutiny?

José Montero y Vidal.

What does José Montero y Vidal’s perspective claim about the mutiny?

It was a planned and organized rebellion against Spanish rule, not just a simple protest.

Who wrote the Filipino account of the Cavite Mutiny?

Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera.

What does Pardo de Tavera’s perspective state about the mutiny?

It was not a planned revolution, but simply a labor protest.

Who authored the official Spanish government report on the mutiny?

Governor‑General Rafael de Izquierdo.

How did Governor‑General Izquierdo describe the Cavite Mutiny?

He called it a serious insurrection or revolution against Spain.

What does "The Cry" symbolize in Philippine history?

The symbolic beginning of the Philippine Revolution of 1896 against Spanish colonial rule.

What group openly rejected Spanish authority during The Cry?

Members of the Katipunan.

Who founded the Katipunan?

Andres Bonifacio.

What was the most important symbolic act during The Cry?

The tearing of the cedula.

What was a cedula?

An official residence and tax certificate issued under Spanish rule.

What did tearing the cedula represent first?

Rejection of Spanish authority.

What did tearing the cedula represent second?

Refusal to pay colonial taxes.

What did The Cry formally declare?

The official start of the Philippine Revolution.

What historical uncertainty exists about The Cry?

There is no single agreed‑upon exact date and location.

How many main eyewitness accounts exist for The Cry?

Four.

Who gave the account known as the Cry of Pugad Lawin?

Pio Valenzuela.

Who gave the account known as the Cry of Bahay Toro?

Santiago Alvarez.

Who gave one account of the Cry of Balintawak dated August 25?

Gregoria de Jesus.

Who was Gregoria de Jesus?

Andres Bonifacio’s wife and keeper of Katipunan documents.

Who gave another account of the Cry of Balintawak?

Guillermo Masangkay.

Why do the accounts of The Cry differ?

Most were written decades after the event, so memories became distorted.

What is the official date of The Cry?

August 23, 1896.

What is the official location of The Cry?

Pugad Lawin.

What is the full title of Marcelo H. del Pilar’s work about religious orders?

La Soberenia Monacal en Filipinas, or Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines.

Who wrote La Soberenia Monacal en Filipinas?

Marcelo H. del Pilar.

What title is Marcelo H. del Pilar widely known by?

The Great Propagandist and Father of Philippine Journalism.

When and where was the book of Marcelo H. del Pilar first published?

1889, in Barcelona, Spain.

What was the primary purpose of the book of Marcelo H. del Pilar?

To expose and critically analyze the excessive power of the Spanish religious orders or friars.

Who praised Marcelo H. del Pilar’s book and gave a notable description of it (Substantial, deep, and free from empty words) ?

Jose Rizal.

What did Del Pilar say was the real problem with religion under colonial rule?

The friars misused religion as an instrument of control, fear, and political influence.

What is another name for the tribute tax?

Tributo; linked to the cabeza de barangay system.

Who was required to pay the tribute tax?

Native Filipino males aged 18 to 60 years old.

What was the tribute tax’s role for the colonial government?

It was the main source of government income.

In what forms could the tribute tax be paid?

Cash, agricultural products, livestock, or woven handicrafts.

What was the initial amount of the tribute tax per year?

8 reals, or about 1 peso.

What hardship did poor farmers face regarding the tribute tax?

They still had to pay even during famine or poor harvests.

What was the sanctorum tax?

 A compulsory religious contribution to support the Catholic Church.

What was the donativo?

Supposedly a voluntary donation, but often treated as a forced payment.

What was the caja de comunidad?

The town‑level public treasury for collecting and managing local funds.

What is another name for servicio personal?

Polo y servicio, or forced labor.

Who was required to do forced labor?

Able‑bodied Filipino males aged 16 to 60 years old.

How many days of labor were originally required per year?

40 days.

How many days of labor was it later reduced to?

15 days per year.

Was there salary or compensation for polo y servicio?

No, it was unpaid.

What fee could someone pay to avoid forced labor?

The falla

What was the main cause of the Cagayan and Dingras Revolt?

Abusive tax collection practices.

Where did the Cagayan and Dingras Revolt take place?

In Cagayan and Ilocos.

Who led the revolt in Northern Samar against forced labor?

Agustin Sumuroy.

What was the main cause of Agustin Sumuroy’s Revolt?

Abuses under the polo y servicio or forced labor system.

What specific unfair demand triggered Sumuroy’s Revolt?

Workers were forced to travel all the way to Cavite shipyards.

Who led the revolt in Pampanga?

Francisco Maniago.

What two specific hardships did Kapampangans face?

Long periods of work without pay, and being forced to sell rice at very low government prices.

Who led the revolt in Pangasinan?

Andres Malong.