Unit #2 Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

Tropical Africa

One of the fastest-growing area in the world due to increases in crop production and better access to medical care, combined with high fertility rates.

Developing Countries

All of Africa, Asia (excluding Japan), Latin America, and the island nations of the Caribbean and Pacific

Arithmetic Growth

Occurs when a population is adding a fixed number of people to a growing population each year.

Exponential Growth

Occurs when a population is adding a fixed percentage of people to a growing population each year

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

An estimate of the average number of children born to each female in her childbearing years.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage by which a population grows in a year (CBR - CDR)

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of births per 1,000 people in an area

Exponential Growth Rate

A rapid increase in the size of a population over time where the growth rate is proportional to the current population

Infant Growth Rate

The total number of births of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a year.

Demographic Accounting Equation

Predicts a country's future population on the basis of current birth rates, death rates, immigration rates, and emigration rates.

Demography

The study of human populations, including their size, structure, and distribution.

Site Factors

Location (physical features)

Situation Factors

Factors that exist in the surrounding area

Population Density

The number of people living in a certain geographic area

Arithmetic Density (Population Density / Crude Density)

Total number of people / total land area

Physiological Density

Total number of people / arable land

Agricultural Density

Number of farmers / farmable land

Population Distribution

The Pattern in which humans are spread out on Earth's Surface.

Population Clusters

Heavily populated areas. These clusters show the unevenness of global population distribution.

Undesirable Places

Geographic places that are too cold, dry, wet, or high.

Physical Factors

Climate, landforms, water bodies

Human Factors

Economics, history, politics and culture

Carrying Capacity

How much life can be supported by the environment without damaging it.

Population Composition

The characteristics of a population including age and sex.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that represents the distribution of the population by sex and age

Age Distribution

The way people are divided into different age groups in a population. The number or percentage of people in each age group.

Sex Ratio

Ratio of males to females in a population

Life Expectancy

The number of years a person can expect to live

Dependency Ratio

The amount of people 65 and up plus the amount of children divided by the amount of people in the working age.

Age Structure

Comparison of the size of different age groups

Youthful

High proportion of people in younger age groups, small number of elderly people
HIGH fertility rates, HIGH dependency ratio

Aging

Large proportion of elderly people, relatively small number of young people
LOW fertility rates, HIGH dependency ratio

Maturing

Large number of people in the middle age groups, decreasing number of people in younger and older age groups.
MODERATE fertility rates, MODERATE dependency ratio

Declining

Decreasing number of people in all age groups
LOW fertility rates, LOW dependency ratio.

Population Dynamics

The growth and change of the human population

Births and Deaths

The two most basic demographic events that change the size of a population

Replacement Level Fertility

The average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabilize population over time

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a year.

Child Mortality Rate

The number of children who die before reaching the age of five, per 1,000 live births.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

When a country has the same number of births and deaths in a given year, its RNI is 0.

Doubling Time

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size.

Demographic Equation

The formula that finds the increase (or decrease) in a population.

Demographic Transition Model (DMT)

A graph which has five different stages that can be used to explain population increases or decreases by focusing on social and economic developments in a society

DMT STAGE 1 (High Stationary)

High Birth Rates - farming societies that depended on family labor.
High Death Rates - due to poor nutrition, lack of hygiene and limited health care.
Almost no population growth.

DMT STAGE 2 (Early Expanding)

Industrial development improves medicine, sanitation, nutrition, and vaccinations.
Death rates drop rapidly and the rate of population growth increases quickly.
Rural to urban migration is common

DMT STAGE 3 (Late Expanding)

Birth rates decline and get closer to death rates.
Greater urban population, higher life expectancy, lower IMR, smaller families.
Population increases but the rate of natural increase (RNI) is reduced

DMT STAGE 4 (Low Stationary)

Birth rates and death rates are both low.
Population growth stabilizes.
Strong economies, highly educated citizens, ample healthcare systems, the migration of people from rural communities to cities, and expanded employment opportunities for women

DMT STAGE 5 (Declining)

Overall population as the death rate becomes higher than the birth rate.
Negative population growth rate is not an immediate effect and it will take a generation or two before a negative population growth rate is observed.

Thomas Malthus

A British economist and demographer, who coined the term overpopulation in the late 1700s.

Demographer

Someone who studies the characteristics of a population

Malthus' Theory

The world's population was growing faster than the rate of food production, and as a result, mass starvation would occur

Neo-Malthusians

Modern day Malthus supporters who believe instead of it being a scarcity of food as the underlining problem, it is the world's natural resources.

Cornucopian Theory

As the population grows so will agricultural output

Ester Boserup

A Danish economist, believed that with more people, we will have more problem solvers and better innovation

China's One-Child Policy

China implemented this program from 1979-2015 to reduce population growth.

Pro-Natalist Policies

Policies which are designed with the purpose of increasing the birth rate/fertility rate of an area

Aging Population

One in which the percentage of people 65 and older is increasing relative to other age groups

Median Age

The age that divides the population in two parts of equal size

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling in the new location

Emigration

To leave one's country to live in another country

Immigration

To move to another country to live permanently

Push Factors

Negative influences that make a person want to move away

Pull Factors

Positive influences that PULL a person towards a particular place

Intervening Obstacle

Events, people, or things that prevent a migrant from making it to their end destination

Intervening Opportunity

Events, people, or things that motivate a migrant to stop migrating and choose a destination other than the original one

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Most migration is based on economic reasons.
Most migrants are young adults.
Most migrants travel short distances, in step migration.
Migrants are more likely to come from rural areas and go into urban areas.
Long-distance migrants go to large urban area.
Migrants connect new place back to their home, creating a counter stream
Large urban areas grow through migration
Migration = More economic development
Women are more likely to internally migrate within a country while men are more likely to cross an international boundary and migrate to a different country

Transhumance

The seasonal movement of livestock (herding) between mountains and lowland pastures

Pre-Reproductive Years

0-14

Reproductive Years

15-44

Post-Reproductive Years

45 & Up

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in an area

Replacement Rate

For society to keep its current population, we have to have a TFR of 2.1.

Ecological Footprint

Impact of a person or community on the environment

Malthusian Growth Model

A mathematical equation that the supply of food cannot keep up with the exponential growth of the human population

Epidemiological Transition Model

Changes over time in populations' health and disease patterns as they industrialize and modernize

Anti-Natalist Policies

Policies which are designed with the purpose of decreasing the birth rate/fertility rate of an area

China One-Child Policy

Parents in China were only allowed to have one child from 1979-2015

Singapore's "Two is Enough" Campaign

Couples in Singapore were only allowed to have two children from 1970-2006

Egypt's "Two is Enough" Campaign

Families in Egypt are only allowed to have two children as of 2018-present.

Economic Asset

Child helping women in developing countries on chores and on the farm, supporting the family

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

The number of women who die while giving birth due to pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births.

Contraceptives

Birth control, condoms, etc.

Gravity Model

Large urban areas have a lot of pull factors, they offer a lot of economic, political, and social opportunities for citizens.

Emigration

To leave one's country to live in another country

Immigration

To move to another country to live permanently

Forced Migration

Migration that happens because people fear for their safety or their lives.

Voluntary Migration

Migration out of their own free will and desire

Asylum Seekers

People that are forced to migrate because of a threat to their life and cannot return for fear of persecution

Refugees

People that are forced to migrate because of a threat to their life and cannot return for fear of persecution

Internally Displaced Person

You don't have a refugee status

Transnational Migration

Movement and settlement across international boarders

Transhumance Migration

A seasonal migration that herders make with their livestock to allow them to graze

Intraregional Migration

A permanent move within one region of a country

Interregional Migration

A permanent move between two regions of a country

Chain Migration

A process in which legal immigrants sponser a family member for immigration

Step Migration

Migration occurs in stages

Guest Worker

A migrant is given temporary legal status to work

Remittances

Money immigrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries.

Rural-to-Urban Migration

Movement of people from rural settlements to urban areas.

Internally Displaced Persons

Similar to refugees, but they have not migrated internationally