A&P Lab Practical 2

Structures → identify/define,; Muscles → identify + actions + innervation; Starred muscles → identify + actions + innervation + origins + insertions; Joint structures → identify/define; Nerves → identify + what they innervate; Actions → definition Directional terms → definition

Tibia – lateral condyle

The proximal end of the tibia is greatly expanded. The two sides of this expansion form the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia.

The superior surface of each condyle is smooth and flattened. These areas articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur to form the knee joint.

anterior superior iliac spine

The rounded, anterior termination of the iliac crest, serve as attachment points for muscles of the thigh.

anterior inferior iliac spine

Inferior to the anterior superior iliac spine is a rounded protuberance, serve as attachment points for muscles of the thigh.

Coccyx

 The bony pelvis is the entire structure formed by the two hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx. The coccyx, also known as the tail bone, is attached inferiorly to the sacrum (Figure 8.1).

Greater sciatic notch

The large, inverted U-shaped indentation located on the posterior margin of the lower ilium

Iliac crest

When you place your hands on your waist, you can feel the arching, superior margin of the ilium along your waistline (Figure 8.2). This curved, superior margin of the ilium is the iliac crest.

Iliac fossa

The shallow depression located on the anteromedial (internal) surface of the upper ilium

Ischial ramus

Projecting superiorly and anteriorly from the ischial tuberosity is a narrow segment of bone called the ischial ramus.

Ischial spine

The bony projection separating the lesser sciatic notch and greater sciatic notch

Ischial tuberosity

The large, roughened area of the inferior ischium. This serves as the attachment for the posterior thigh muscles and also carries the weight of the body when sitting. 

Obturator foramen

a large, oval or triangular opening in the hip bone formed by the pubis and ischium bones

Os coxa – acetabulum

 is the socket portion of the hip joint. This space is deep and has a large articulation area for the femoral head, thus giving stability and weight bearing ability to the joint.

Os coxa – ilium

The ilium is the fan-like, superior region of the hip bone forming the largest part of the hip bone. The ilium is firmly connected to the sacrum at the largely immobile sacroiliac joint (see Figure 8.1).

Os coxa – ischium

The ischium forms the posteroinferior region of each hip bone. It supports the body when sitting.

Os coxa – pubis

 The pubis forms the anterior portion of the hip bone. The pubis curves medially, where it joins to the pubis of the opposite hip bone at a specialized joint called the pubic symphysis.

Pubic symphysis

joins the 2 hip bone pubic body

Pubis – body

The enlarged medial portion of the pubis is the pubic body

Pubis – inferior ramus

 Extending downward and laterally from the pubic body

Pubis – superior ramus

the segment of bone that passes laterally from the pubic body to join the ilium.

Sacral plexus

pass across and through the openings (sacral foramina) of the bone known as the sacrum. 

Sacrum

 The bony pelvis is the entire structure formed by the two hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx. The coccyx, also known as the tail bone, is attached inferiorly to the sacrum (Figure 8.1).

Sacroiliac joint

connects the lower spine (sacrum) to the pelvis (ilium) and acts as a shock absorber to transfer upper body weight to the legs

Femur

 the single bone of the thigh, It is the longest and strongest bone of the body, and accounts for approximately one-quarter of a person’s total height.

Femur – fovea capitis

a minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head that serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur.

This ligament (extra info) spans the femur and acetabulum but is weak and provides little support for the hip joint. It does, however, carry an important artery that supplies the head of the femur.

Femur – gluteal tuberosity

a roughened area extending inferiorly from the greater trochanter

Femur – greater trochanter

 the large, upward, bony projection located above the base of the neck.

Multiple muscles that act across the hip joint attach to the greater trochanter, which, because of its projection from the femur, gives additional leverage to these muscles.

Femur – head

The rounded, proximal (close to point of attachment) end of the femur, articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint

Femur – lateral condyle

the smooth portion that covers the distal and posterior aspects of the lateral expansion

articulate with the tibia to form the knee joint

Femur – lateral epicondyle

The roughened area on the outer, lateral side of the condyle

provide attachment points for muscles and supporting ligaments of the knee

Femur – lesser trochanter

a small, bony prominence that lies on the medial aspect of the femur, just below the neck.

Femur – linea aspera

the roughened ridge that passes distally along the posterior side of the mid-femur

Multiple muscles of the hip and thigh regions make long, thin attachments to the femur along the linea aspera

Femur – medial condyle

the smooth region of the distal and posterior medial femur

articulate with the tibia to form the knee joint

Femur – medial epicondyle

the irregular outer, medial side of the medial condyle

provide attachment points for muscles and supporting ligaments of the knee

Femur – neck

The narrowed region below the head. This is a common area for fractures of the femur.

Femur – shaft

The elongated shaft of the femur has a slight anterior bowing or curvature.

Patella

the kneecap,  largest sesamoid bone of the body,  found in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, articulates with the patellar surface of the femur and thus prevents rubbing of the muscle tendon against the distal femur,  lifts the tendon away from the knee joint, which increases the leverage power of the quadriceps femoris muscle as it acts across the knee, does not articulate with the tibia

Anterior cruciate ligament

Posterior cruciate ligament

Transverse ligament

Fibular collateral ligament

Tibial collateral ligament

Medial meniscus

Tibia – articular cartilage

Tibia

the larger, weight-bearing bone located on the medial side of the lower leg,  the second longest bone of the body, after the femur

Tibia – anterior border

 begins at the tibial tuberosity and runs inferiorly along the length of the tibia.

Both the anterior border and the medial side of the triangular shaft are located immediately under the skin and can be easily palpated along the entire length of the tibia

Tibia – intercondylar eminence

an irregular, elevated area that serves as the inferior attachment point for two supporting ligaments of the knee

Tibia – medial condyle

The proximal end of the tibia is greatly expanded. The two sides of this expansion form the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia.

The superior surface of each condyle is smooth and flattened. These areas articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur to form the knee joint.

Tibia – medial malleolus

The large expansion found on the medial side of the distal tibia

Tibia – shaft

the long, middle, prism-shaped section of the shinbone located between the knee and ankle

Tibia – tibial tuberosity

an elevated area on the anterior side of the tibia, near its proximal end. It is the final site of attachment for the muscle tendon associated with the patella

Fibula

the thin bone on the lateral side of the lower leg, The fibula does not bear weight. It serves primarily for muscle attachments and thus is largely surrounded by muscles. Only the proximal and distal ends of the fibula can be palpated.

Fibula – head

 the small, knob-like, proximal end of the fibula.

Fibula – lateral malleolus

 forms the easily palpated bony bump on the lateral side of the ankle.

Foot

distal to the ankle

Talus

relatively square-shaped, upper surface that articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint.

Three areas of articulation form the ankle joint: The superomedial surface of the talus articulates with the medial malleolus of the tibia, the top of the talus articulates with the distal end of the tibia, and the lateral side of the talus articulates with the lateral malleolus of the fibula.

Calcaneus

the largest bone of the foot, which forms the heel

Navicular

The talus bone articulates anteriorly with the navicular bone, which in turn articulates anteriorly with the three cuneiform (“wedge-shaped”) bones.

Cuboid

has a deep groove running across its inferior surface, which provides passage for a muscle tendon.

Medial cuneiform

 These bones are the medial cuneiform, the intermediate cuneiform, and the lateral cuneiform. Each of these bones has a broad superior surface and a narrow inferior surface, which together produce the transverse (medial-lateral) curvature of the foot

Intermediate cuneiform

 These bones are the medial cuneiform, the intermediate cuneiform, and the lateral cuneiform. Each of these bones has a broad superior surface and a narrow inferior surface, which together produce the transverse (medial-lateral) curvature of the foot

Lateral cuneiform

 These bones are the medial cuneiform, the intermediate cuneiform, and the lateral cuneiform. Each of these bones has a broad superior surface and a narrow inferior surface, which together produce the transverse (medial-lateral) curvature of the foot

Tarsal bones

seven bones found in the posterior foot.

Metatarsals

five bones found in the mid-foot

The first metatarsal bone is shorter and thicker than the others. The second metatarsal is the longest. The base of the metatarsal bone is the proximal end of each metatarsal bone. These articulate with the cuboid or cuneiform bones. The base of the fifth metatarsal has a large, lateral expansion that provides for muscle attachments.

Phalanges

fourteen phalanx bones in the distal foot

The toes are numbered 1–5, starting with the big toe (hallux) on the medial side of the foot. The big toe has two phalanx bones, the proximal and distal phalanges. The remaining toes all have proximal, middle, and distal phalanges. A joint between adjacent phalanx bones is called an interphalangeal joint.

Phalanx

14 small digital bones that form your toes

Proximal phalanges

Each metatarsal bone articulates with the proximal phalanx of a toe to form a metatarsophalangeal joint

Middle phalanx / phalanges

 The toes are numbered 1–5, starting with the big toe (hallux) on the medial side of the foot. The big toe has two phalanx bones, the proximal and distal phalanges. The remaining toes all have proximal, middle, and distal phalanges.

Distal phalanges

 The toes are numbered 1–5, starting with the big toe (hallux) on the medial side of the foot. The big toe has two phalanx bones, the proximal and distal phalanges. The remaining toes all have proximal, middle, and distal phalanges.

Toes

The anterior half of the foot is formed by the five metatarsal bones, which are located between the tarsal bones of the posterior foot and the phalanges of the toes (Figure 8.5).

The toes contain a total of 14 phalanx bones (phalanges), arranged in a similar manner as the phalanges of the fingers (Figure 8.5). The toes are numbered 1–5, starting with the big toe (hallux) on the medial side of the foot. The big toe has two phalanx bones, the proximal and distal phalanges. The remaining toes all have proximal, middle, and distal phalanges. A joint between adjacent phalanx bones is called an interphalangeal joint.

Hallux

the big toe

Hip Joint

a large ball-and-socket joint where the head of your thigh bone (femur) connects to the cup-shaped socket (acetabulum) of your pelvis

Round ligament

Transverse acetabular ligament

Labrum

fibrocartilage lip attached to the outer margin of the acetabulum.

Pelvic Girdle / Hip

Formed by a pair of hip bones (coxae bones) that are joined to the axial skeleton by the sacrum. These left and right hip bones are attached by the pubic symphysis. The bony pelvis is the entire structure formed by the two hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx.

Immobile and stable structure

Lateral meniscus

Interosseous membrane

 the sheet of dense connective tissue that connects the tibia and fibula bones.

Ankle

Medial ligament

Anterior talofibular ligament

Posterior talofibular ligament

Calcaneofibular ligament

Anterior tibiofibular ligament

Posterior tibiofibular ligament

Iliopsoas

Flex hip and laterally rotate thigh; flex torso

(Psoas major) Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5); thoracic vertebra (T12)  (Iliacus) Iliac fossa; iliac crest; lateral sacrum

Lesser trochanter

Femoral nerve

Sartorius

longest muscle in body

Flex & abduct hip; laterally rotate thigh; flex knee

Anterior superior iliac spine

Medial aspect of proximal tibia

Femoral nerve

Gracilis

Adduct hip and flex knee

Inferior ramus and body of pubis; ischial ramus

Medial surface of tibia

Obturator nerve

Pectineus

Pectineus

Adduct & flex hip; medially rotate thigh

N/A

N/A

Femoral nerve

Piriformis

Laterally rotates thigh; abducts hip

N/A

N/A

Spinal nerves L5-S2

Adductor brevis

Adduct and flex hip

N/A

N/A

Obturator nerve

Adductor longus

Adduct hip and medially rotate thigh; flex hip

N/A

N/A

Obturator nerve

Adductor magnus

Adductor magnus

Adduct hip and medially rotate thigh; extend hip

N/A

N/A

Obturator nerve

Rectus femoris

Extend knee; flex hip

Anterior inferior iliac spine; superior margin of acetabulum

Patella; tibial tuberosity

Femoral nerve

Vastus lateralis

Extend knee

Greater trochanter; linea aspera

Patella; tibial tuberosity

Femoral nerve

Vastus intermedius

Extend knee

Proximal femur shaft

Patella; tibial tuberosity

Femoral nerve

Vastus medialis

Extend knee

Linea aspera

Patella; tibial tuberosity

Femoral nerve

Tensor fasciae latae

Tensor fascia latae

Flex and abduct hip

N/A

N/A

Superior gluteal nerve

Gluteus maximus

Extend hip

Dorsal ilium; sacrum; coccyx

Gluteal tuberosity of femur; iliotibial tract

Inferior gluteal nerve

Gluteus medius

Abduct hip

Superior lateral surface of ilium

Greater trochanter of femur

Superior gluteal nerve

Gluteus minimus

Abduct hip

Inferior lateral surface of ilium

Greater trochanter of femur

Superior gluteal nerve