PSY3301-lecture content

What view of the brain is this

Dorsal

What view of the brain is this

Ventral

What view of the brain is this

Lateral

What view of the brain is this

Medial

What type of plane/slice of the brain is this

axial / horizontal / transverse

What type of plane/slice of the brain is this

sagittal

What type of plane/slice of the brain is this

coronal or frontal section

to and from the brain

• To the brain: afferent 

• From the brain: efferent 

Meninges: what are the 3 layers 

• 1. Dura: hard 

• 2. Arachnoid: thin sheet of delicate connective tissue 

• 3. Pia matter: soft 

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): does what

serves as a cushion so the brain can move or expand slightly 

explain meningitis, cause, result, side effects

• Caused by infections in the meninges 

• Can result in brain swelling 

• Side effects: headaches, cervical rigidity, drowsiness, coma

what is the difference between meningitis and encephalitis

encephalitis is an infection in the brain

what are the gyri

outer part of the folds 

what are the sulci

inner part of folds 

What is the cerebral cortex

the outer layer of the brain  

What are the major cortical divisions

the central sulcus is the only lateral sulcus in the brain what does it allows us to find

• the primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) 

• And the primary somatosensory (postcentral gyrus) 

What are Cytoarchitectonic (Brodmann) Maps, and describe

• Brodmann defined areas by the organization and characteristics of the cells 

• Layer IV is thicker in the sensory cortex vs in the motor cortex 

Explain the afferents vs efferents of Cytoarchitectonic (Brodmann) Maps

• Afferents go to layer IV (from the thalamus) as well as to layers II and III 

• Efferents go to other parts of the cortex and to the motor structures 

Hemorrhagic stroke

bleed, leaks into brain tissue

Ischemic stroke

block, clot stops blood supply to an area of the brain (more common, easier to treat)

appearance of gray vs white matter

• White matter: areas rich with axons (myelin=white appearance) 

• Gray matter: composed of cell bodies 

What do the ventricles do

secrete CSF, which suspends the brain in the skull, protecting it (shock absorber), they also provide a route for chemical messengers 

3 main points about then venticular system

1) cells that line the ventricles make the CSF that fills them 

2) flows from the 2 lateral ventricles to the 3^rd and 4^th ventricles (midline ventricles) 

3) then flows between the layers of the meninges/spinal cord canal 

what happens to CSF with hydrochephalus

there will be an increase in CSF 

Describe the corpus callosum

band of white matter which connects the 2 hemispheres 

what are the main structures of the forebrain

• Cerebral cortex (neocortex) 

• Basal ganglia 

• Limbic system 

what is the cerebral cortex

forms the outer layers and is made of 6 layers of grey matter 

what does the cerebral cortex do

Regulates mental activity such as planning and perception, higher-order processing 

describe neocortex vs limbic cortices

• Neo: 6 layers of gray matter, more advanced, higher-order processing 

• Limbic: 3 to 4 layers of gray matter on top of 1 layer of white matter, more primitive, controls motivational states

what is the basial ganglia made of

Collection of nuclei deep to white matter of cerebral cortex 

What structures are included in the basal ganglia (3)

• Striatum = caudate + putamen (large structure) + nucleus accumbens 

• Corpus striatum = striatum + globus pallidus 

• Lenticular nucleus = putamen + globus pallidus 

What does the brainstem do and where does it start

• Controls the basic functions of life: breathing, HR, swallowing, BP, sleep, balance 

• Begins where spinal cord enters the skull 

what are the inputs and outputs of the brain (brainstem)

• Afferent inputs (to brain): from all of the body's senses 

• Efferent Outputs (from brain): to control all of the body's movements  

what are the 3 regions of the brain

Hindbrain, Midbrain , Diencephalon 

^^these 3 regions have both sensory and motor functions 

what is the diencephalon composed of

the thalamus, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland  

why is the diencephalon hypothalamus important

important in almost all aspects of behaviour: feeding, sexual behaviour, sleeping, temperature control, emotion, hormone function, movement 

what is the tectum and what is it made of (in the midbrain)

receives a large amount of information from the eyes and ears. Consists of 2 major parts: superior colliculus, inferior colliculus 

what is the tegmentum

Composed of many nuclei

Mainly involved in movement.

What does the VTA do

ventral tegmental area = nuclei for dopamine pathway and reward 

what are the 4 main parts of the hindbrain

• Reticular formation: responsible for wakefulness and alertness 

• Pons, medulla, cerebellum 

how do different regions in the brain communicate

Fiber system of the cerebral hemispheres 

• 1. commissures (ex. Corpus callosum, anterior commissure) 

• 2. association tracts 

• 3. projection fibers