The Cognitive School of Thought (TEACHING AND LEARNINGN)

Cognitive School of Thought

will examine has its roots in cognitive science, a field that emerged in the 1960s to study how people think.

1960’s

The year the first school of thought emerged

Information processing

the study of how we mentally take in and store information and the retrieve it when we needed.

Meaningful learning

the study of how new information can be most effectively organized, structured and taught so that it might be used, for example, in problem -solving situations.

Short-term memory

information for few seconds.

Long-term memory

information for a longer time.

Working memory

hold and manipulate information temporarily

Expository Teaching or Reception Learning

One way of teaching based on meaningful learning is called

Presentation

teacher directs the learning activity

Authentic learning

knowledge is more meaningful and retained longer when it can be related to, or result from, a child’s real world and/or when children by doing.

Mid-twentieth

Authentic learning is similar to the concept of direct experience, popularized in the?

Scaffolding

The notion of providing learners with support also makes sense.

Reciprocal Teaching

teacher gradually shifts teaching responsibility to learners (Seymour & Osana, 2003; Palincsar, 1986).

Problem Solving

a situation exists wherein a goal to be achieved and (2) learners are asked to consider how they would attain the goal.

Frederickson (1984)

maintains there are different types of problems

Snowman and Biehler (2002)

who describe the 2 of different types of problems?

1. well-structured 2. ill-structured or unstructured

types of problems according to Snowman and Biehler (2002)

Well-structured

problem that can be solved by recalling and applying a mathematical or scientific procedure.

1. ill-structured or unstructured

occurs more often in daily living, and comes up when studying people-oriented subjects like psychology or education.

Problem-solving strategy

(1) State the goal to be achieved

(2) identify the obstacles standing in the way

(3) project alternative ways to achieve the goal

(4) consider the consequences of each possible solution

(5) decide how to implement the best proposed solution and do so

(6) evaluate your degree of satisfaction with the problem resolution.