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What Erikson is known for
theory of psychosocial development
ego psychology
theory that emphasizes the integration of biological and psychosocial forces in the determination of personality fucntioning with a special focus on developmental crises
Freud vs Erikson
Freud: ego is weak in comparison to the id
Erikson: ego is a powerful agency that helps people resolve inner conflicts and environmental challenges, ultimately promotes health
Main focus of ________________ is the development of a ________________ as individuals resolve the crises inherent in the developmental process.
ego psychology; strong ego identity
Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order through _____ stages of psychosocial development, from ___________ to ___________.
8; infancy; adulthood
epigenetic principle
principle that there is a genetically determined sequence of human development that occurs in a series of stages, universal to humankind, and unfolds in a predetermined sequence
For Erikson these crises are of a ____________ nature because they involve ____________ needs of the individual which conflict with the needs of society
psychosocial
Term for psychosocial development
ego development
Crisis
maturation process’ critical points
basic virtues
characteristic strengths of which the ego can use to resolve subsequent crises
Positive resolution of each crises
strengthening of the ego; increases the changes of positive resolution in later stages
What does failure to complete a stage lead to?
reduced ability to complete further stages and development of an unhealthy personality and sense of self
ego strength=
virtue
virtues
human qualities or strengths that emerge from successful resolution of the crisis association with various developmental stages
Oral-sensory stage- Basic trust vs mistrust
0-1 year
ego strength: hope
pleasure centers around the mouth and feeding
Basic trust vs mistrust conflict
consistent, predictable, and reliable parenting leads to trust which carries on with them into other relationships and if these needs are not met, infant will not have confidence in the world
hope
developing a sense of trust, the infant can have hope that as new crises arise there is a real possibility that other people will be there as a source of support
Muscular-anal stage- Autonomy vs shame and doubt
2-3 years
ego strength: will
Autonomy vs shame and doubt conflict
if children are encourages and supported in their increased independence, the become more confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world; if they were criticized or overly controlled, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive, and become overly dependent on others and lack self-esteem
will
if children in this stage are encouraged and supported in their increased independence, they become more confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world
locomotor-genetical stage- initiative vs guilt
3-5 years
ego strength: purpose
initiative vs guilt conflict
children plan activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others and this makes them feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions; if too much criticism or guilt, the child can become slow to interact with others and may inhibit their creativity
purpose
thinking big, identifying with parents, and beginning a new set of life goals
What is also involved in the initiative/ locomotor-genital stage?
oedipus complex
Some _________ is, of course, necessary; otherwise the child would not know how to exercise ____________ or have a conscience
guilt; self-control
Latency stage; industry vs inferiority
6-12 years
ego strength: competence
Industry vs inferiority conflict
if children are reinforced for their initiative, they begin to feel industrious (competent) and feel confident in their ability to achieve goals; if initiative is not encouraged, then the child begins to feel inferior, doubting their own abilities, and therefore may not reach their potential
Some _____________ may be necessary so that the child can develop __________. Again, a balance between competence and ___________ is necessary.
failure; modesty; modesty
What two things, according to Erikson, is important during the latency stage?
school attendance
interaction with peers
Adolescence; Identity vs role confusion
13-19 years
fidelity
identity crisis
moratorium
fidelity
a sense of loyalty and commitment; involves being able to commit oneself to others, on the basis of accepting others, even when there may be ideological difference
identity
multifaceted concept that involves knowing who you are and where you are going, as well as what you are not and do not want to be. the unified sense of self as uniquely different from others
Two identities involved in identity vs role confusion
sexual and occupational
identity crisis
developmental turning point, associated primarily with adolescence, where choices need to be made in various areas of life such as career, mate, and ideology to live by
role confusion
concern for who they are and what they will become
When identity crisis is not resolved
negative identity
negative identity
scornful and hostile toward roles offere, loyalties to those who are destructive to themselves
Erikson believed pressuring someone into an identity can result in ___________ in the form of establishing a ____________ and in addition to this feeling of unhappiness.
rebellion; negative identity
young adulthood- intimacy vs isolation
20-24 years
ego strength: love
Intimacy
the ability to establish close relationships with others, to abide by commitments with significant compromised and sacrifices necessary
isolation
inability to take chances with one’s identity by showing true intimacy; involves a fear of commitment which leads to loneliness, and sometimes dperession
Successful completion of the intimacy vs isolation stage can result in happy ____________ and a sense of __________, safety, can care within a relationship
relationships; commitment
middle adulthood- generatively vs stagnation
25- 64 years
ego strength: care
generatively
psychologically refers to “making your mark” on the world through creating or nurturing things that will outlast an individual process of establishing and or enhancing a creative and productive career and of being concerned with ensuring the well-being of the next generation
During middle age, individuals experience a need to _______ or __________ things that will outlast them, often hacing mentees, or crating positive changes that will benefit other people
create’ nurture
stagnation
lack of productivity, boredom, and interpersonal impoverishment
Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in ___________ _________________ in the world
shallow involvement
late adulthood; ego integrity vs despair
65- death
ego strength: wisdom
ego integrity
in the elderly, feeling their lives has positive meaning and have been worth living
despair
negative outcome involving fear of death, see lives as failures, unable to rectify mistakes do to lack of time remaining
Erikson believed if we see our lives as unproductive, feel guilt about our past, or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to _________ and ______________.
depression; hopelessness
wisdom
detached concern with life itself in the face of death, life is put into perspective, with acceptance and a deeper insight into one’s own and other’s motives and behaviors and having empathy, sympathy, and compassion for others; enables a person to look back on their life with a sense of closure and completeness and accept death without fear
Wis people are not characterized by a continuous state of ego integrity, but they experience both ego integrity and despair. This late life is characterized by both integrity and despair as alternating states that need to be ___________.
balanced
Positive evaluations of Erikson’s personality development
realistic perspective of personality development
middle and late adulthood were considered active and significant times of personal growth
relatable
ties important psychosocial development across the entire lifespan
negative evaluation of Erikson’s personality development
vague
does not deal with cognitive or emotional development
shaped by Erikson’s own experiences
ambiguous terminology
James Marcia
develops four identity statuses of psychological identity development, primarily focusing on adolescent development; theory of identity achievement argues that two distinct parts form an adolescents identity: crisis and commitment
crisis
a time when one’s values and choices are being reevalutated
Erikson had suggested that the normal conflict occurring in adolescence is the opposition between identity and confusion, whereas, Marcia elaborited by suggesting this stage consists neither of identity resolution nor identity confusion, but rather the extent to which one has both explored and ____________ to an identity in a variety of life domains including politics, occupation, religion, intimate relationships, friendships, and gender roles
committed
Marcia’s 4 Identity Statuses
identity diffusion
foreclosure
moratorium
identity achievement
identity diffusion
lack firm commitments and are not actively in crisis
foreclosure
never experienced crisis but made firm commitments to goals, beliefs, and values
moratorium
state of crisis and actively considering alternatives in attempt to make decisions
identity acheivement
undergone a period of crisis and as a result, developed firm commitments
Jean Phinney
developed a model of Ethnic Identity based on Erikson’s theory of development, following Marcia’s ego-identity theory
ethnic identity
as sense of belonging and commitment to a group because the individual shares a common heritage, knowledge, attitudes, and values with other members
bicultural identity
positive attitudes toward their own ethnic group and toward the majority group
Jacob Orlofsky’s 3 major criteria of assessing a person’s level of intimacy
Close relationships with male or female friends?
Does he or she have an enduring heterosexual relationship?
Are the person’s close relationships deep or superficial?
Orlofsky’s 6 relationship/intimacy statuses
intimate individuals
preintimate individuals
stereotyped individuals
pseudointimate individuals
isolated individuals
merger individuals
intimate individuals
deep relationships with male and female friends and involved in enduring, committed heterosexual relationships
preintimate individuals
close emotional ties but ambivalent about committing to enduring love relationships
stereotyped individuals
have many relationships, but superficial, lack closeness and commitment
pseudointimate individuals
relationships lack depth, but still in enduring heterosexual commitments
isolated individuals
withdrawn from social situations and relationships with peers
merger individuals
committed themselves to enduring relationships but become absorbed in their relationships at the expense of their own autonomy and sense of self enmeshment
Assessment techniques
egalitarian and personal with patients
disciplined subjectivity
transference
free association
dream analysis
play-therapy techniques
disciplined subjectivity
sought to analyze and understand the patient’s problems through empathy as well as by examining the historical events that affected the patient’s life
Erikson developed the procedure because he was interested in…..
building a bridge between psychoanalysis and history
psychohistorical analysis
technique for analyzing the lives of historical figures on the basis of Erikson’s theory of ego development