Art 1 Semester B- UTHS Final Exam Review

Iconoraphy

The traditional or typical images and symbols associated with a subject.

Style

Individual manner in which an artist uses elements of art and principles of design to express feelings or ideas.

Line, Color, Texture, Shape, Form, and Space

Elements of Art

Balance, Emphasis, Harmony, Variety, Gradation, Movement, Rhythm, Proportion

Principles of Design

Amphora

An ancient Greek or Roman oval-shaped jar or vase.

Purpose of Prehistoric Art

To strategize, worship, or celebrate the very means of survival.

Naturalistic

Imitating nature or reality with gritty and realistic subject matter

Altamira Cave Paintings

First example of cave art; found in Spain

Venus Figures

Paleolithic stone icons depicting women's figures, representing fertility.

Neolithic Period

Farmer and herder societies developed. Defined by study of seasons and time through neoliths.

Neoliths

Stone tool implements from the Neolithic period.

Megaliths

Structures and complexes of very large stones constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes in Neolithic times.

Rites of Passage

Profound events that move us from one status in society to another.

Dolmens

Neolithic tomb structures constructed of two upright megalithic stones capped with a covering slab.

Pictographs

Pictures that stand for words or ideas; picture writing.

petroglyphs

Rock art carvings made by scratching or pecking the surface of exposed stone.

Fertile Crescent

Tigris and Euphrates river valleys in the middle east.

Geographic Imperative

Environmental motivation for the establishment of culture.

Ziggurats

Mesopotamian temple towers with steps leading up to a platform of worship or sacrifice.

Cuniform

First form of writing developed by the Sumerians

Victory Stele of Naram-Sin

Victory art of Naram-Sin glorifying military triumphs and status.

Neo-Sumerian Renaissance

Highly stylized art with unrealistic and static poses incorporating unrealistic body and facial characteristics.

Stele

A stone pillar carved with iconography, rules, or codes. i.e. the Stele of Hammurabi

Code of Hummurabi

Laws set in place by Hammurabi governing Mesopotamian life, society, and the economy.

Assyrian Art

Praised greatness of the king, ability to kill enemies, hunting prowess, etc. cuneiform, relief sculpture.

Periods of Egyptian Society

The Old Kingdom, The Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom

Ka

Ancient Egyptian word for soul, and the belief in return to the physical body in the afterlife. Heavily influenced full body Egyptian art.

Hieroglyphics

Ancient Egyptian form of communication or writing through symbols.

Papyrus

Egyptian paper; made from reed plants found along the Nile.

Mastabas

An ancient Egyptian mudbrick tomb with a rectangular base and sloping sides and flat roof.

Wall Paintings

Middle Kingdom method of art.

Rock-Cut Tombs

Middle Kingdom burial chambers that are cut into existing, naturally occurring rock formations.

Pylon Temple

The wide entrance gateway of an Egyptian temple.

Akhenaton

Egyptian Pharaoh who radically altered the state religion, shifting art into a more naturalistic style.

Hypostyle

A hall in an Egyptian temple that has a roof support by a dense thicket of columns.

Art in Architecture in Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt Served to...

Demonstrate power of a ruler, depict rulers as god like figures, and to record a ruler's beliefs, values, and accomplishments.

The Great Pyramids

Stone tombs for Pharaohs and Egyptian Nobles.

Harappans

Indus River Valley Civilization who used copper and bronze in their artifacts. Used images of nature spirits on terracotta and clay figurines.

Mudra

In Buddhist and Hindu iconography, a stylized and symbolic hand gesture.

Stupa

A dome-shaped structure erected as a Buddhist shrine.

Islamic Art in the Absence of Representational Images and Forms

Created elaborate geometric and floral motifs.

Bronze Casting

Developed in the Shang dynasty; process of creating three-dimensional sculptures by pouring molten metal into a cast.

Kuang

Chinese bronze vessel that held food and drinks for ritual.

Pagoda

The Buddhist place of worship or meditation. Diffused to other parts of Asia.

The Han Dynasty developed...

Painting with the use of colors rather than just black ink.

Chinese Art Innovations

Scroll paintings, porcelain, fired and glazed pottery, and calligraphy.

Shintoism

Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.

Kami

Any sacred being worshipped in Shinto including nature spirits and ancestors.

Woodblock Printing

Japanese art form of carving relief images into wood and adding ink to the surface in a stamp-like manner.

Japanese Art Innovations

Ceramics, textiles and embroidery (such as kimonos), and lacquer work.

Early Native American Art Expressed...

The beliefs, feelings and ideas of our indigenous ancestors.

Alaskan Inuit Art Consisted of...

Walrus ivory, soapstone, and whalebone. They developed a pictorial writing system using scrimshaw; small pictures decorating artifacts. They ask used mask making for rituals.

The Pueblo of Northwestern Mexico

Created pottery with animal iconography.

Iroquois

An eastern tribe that created wooden masks, wampum belts, basketry, and headdresses.

Olmec Civilization

Earliest known American civilization, located in southern Mexico and known for its pyramids and colossal head structures carved from volcanic rock.

Mayan Civilization

Early form of pictogram writing that would later lead to cuneiform.

Codices

Book-like manuscripts that replaced scrolls in pre-Columbian America.

Qualities of Ancient African Sculpture Art

No suggest of movement in poses, proportions reflection cultural perceptions of beauty, large heads, and geometric abstraction.

Reliquary Figures

African sculptures used to guard ancestral relics.

Ancient African art was once regarded as...

A lesser form of art due to its abstraction of the human form.

The Taj Mahal was influenced by...

Islamic architecture.

Buddhism

Both Chinese Scroll Paintings and Chinese Pagoda were Influenced by...

Mayan Art Most Often Depicts...

Gods and Goddesses on ancient temples, monuments, and statuary in public places.

Harappan Region

Ancient Indus River Valley

Tlingit Region

Pacific Northwest and Alaska

Olmec Region

Central America and Mexico

Benin Region

African west coast and Nigeria

Oracle Bones

The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period.

Ancient Grecian Periods

The Archaic Period, The Classical Period, and The Hellenistic Period.

Hydria

An ancient Greek three-handled water pitcher.

Greek Kouros Figures

Depictions of youth with ideal proportions, to memorialize statues and commemorate the glory and triumphs of people.

Acropolis

A fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city of Athens.

Doric Order

the simplest of the classical Greek architectural styles, featuring unadorned columns with no base.

Ionic Order

classical Greek architectural style that features a fluted column shaft, capitals with volutes (spiral scroll-like ornaments) and a large base

Corinthian Order

Most ornate of the orders- contains a base, a fluted column shaft, and the capital is elaborate and decorated with leaf carvings.

Classical Greek Sculptures

Captured subjects in motion

Hellenistic Period

Marked by conquests of Alexander the Great, art evolved into the depiction of inner feelings and emotions.

Roman art was created for...

Private viewing by the privileged.

Barrel Vault

Series of round arches built in a row to form a tunnel.

Colosseum

A large stadium in ancient Rome where athletic events took place.

Basilica

A huge marble government building in ancient Rome.

Triumphal Arch

In Roman architecture, a freestanding arch commemorating an important event, such as a military victory or the opening of a new road.

Pediment

The triangular top of a Greek column.

Early Symbols in Christian Art was used to...

Reach an illiterate population and avoid Roman persecution.

Early Christians Worshipped in...

Underground passageways and burial tombs known as the catacombs.

Early Religious Imagery used by Christians.

Birth, life and martyrdom of Jesus Christ. Fish, Lambs, Shepherds, Ivy, Crucifixes, Doves, and the Phoenix.

Piers

Massive pillars in Byzantine structures.

Hagia Sophia

the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian.

Early Christian Architects

Followed Basilica floor plans from Rome, but did not use Greek temple inspiration.

Mosaic

Art consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass.