VMT Quiz 3/28/25 - Bacterial Diseases and Lyme Diseases

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77 Terms

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Microscopic, single celled organisms

What are bacteria?

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Shape/morphology

Coccus

Bacillus

Spirochete

How are bacteria catagorized?

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circle/spherical

What does the coccus shape look like?

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Rod like

What does the bacillus shape look like?

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spiral

What does the spirochete shape look like

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Structural integrity

Protection

What does the cell wall provide bacteria?

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Gives cell wall its rigidity and shape

What does peptidoglycan do for the bacteria?

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Thick peptidoglycan layer, no outer lipid membrane

Gram + bacteria has what?

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Thin peptidoglycan layer, with outer lipid membrane

Gram - bacteria has what?

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Via binary fission

What method do bacteria use to reproduce?

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DNA divides into two (replicates)

Bacterial cell elongates

Splits into 2 daughter cells - each with identical DNA to parent cell

What is the process of reproduction in bacteria?

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Reproduce very quickly

Under favorable conditions, bacteria can what?

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Escherichia coli divides q 20 minutes

What is an example of bacteria reproducing quickly?

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2 million bacteria

In 7 hours, 1 bacterium can turn to what?

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Infectious bacterial disease of dogs (mainly)

What is leptospirosis?

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Lepto

What is leptospirosis also known as?

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Leptospira spp

Common species - Leptospira interrogens - Multiple serotypes

What are the causative agents for leptospirosis?

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Spirochete

What is the shape of leptospirosis?

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Soil and water

Where does leptospirosis live?

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Yes

Is leptospirosis zoonotic?

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Exposure/drinking from rivers, lakes, streams

Roaming on rural areas

Exposure to wild animals, farm animals

Contact with rodents or other dogs

What are the risk factors for leptospirosis in dogs?

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Appears to be mild, not much known

Susceptibility for leptospirosis in cats

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Passed in urine

How is leptospirosis transmitted?

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Warm, stagnant water, or moist soil

Where do leptospirosis live in the environment?

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Skunks, raccoons, opossums, rats, wolves, deer

What animals is leptospirosis transmitted by?

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direct contact

Contaminated water, soil with infected urine

To transmit lepto by urine there needs to be

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Penetrates mucous membranes or open wounds/secretes in skin

How does the lepto enter the host?

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Multiples in bloodstream, moves to tissue

Liver, kidneys; damage

8-10 days after infection, immune system produces antibodies

Organ damage remains if present

May be irreversible and fatal

Pathogenesis for lepto

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Lethargy, depression, loss of appetite

Vomiting

Fever

Increased thirst and urination (polydipsia, polyuria)

Jaundice

Bleeding issues

Mild infection - Little to no clinical signs

Clinical findings for lepto

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Routine blood tests = clues/starting point

High liver/kidney values

Increased WBC

Diagnosis for lepto

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DNA-PCR - find DNA of lepto in blood or urine - false negative

MAT - Microscopic agglutination test - presences of antibodies against lepto in dogs blood - takes longer for results, inconclusive testing

Definitive diagnosis for lepto

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Antibiotics

Kidney/Liver damage - may require hospitalization - IV fluids

Treatment for leptospirosis

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Severely infected - guarded due to organ damage

Prognosis for Leptospirosis

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Precautions taken (mask, gloves, etc.)

Isolation procedures for suspected patients

Avoid contact with urine and breaks in skin or with mucous membranes

Careful disposal of soiled bedding is recommended (Urine collection)

Prevention/Control for Leptospirosis

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Often added too DHPP vaccine

Annual re-booster; off years from the q 3 year vaccine

Reactions in smaller dogs

Vaccination for Leptospirosis

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Bordetella bronchiseptica

Causative agent for Kennel cough

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Negative

Is Kennel cough Gram positive or negative

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Rod-shaped

Shape of kennel cough

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Bordetella

Scientific name for kennel cough

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Infectious bronchitis

What can bordetella cause?

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Whooping cough

What is B. pertussis

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Dogs are most susceptible

Can also affect cats and other mammals

Susceptibility for Bordetella

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Direct contact

Airborne (coughing, sneezing)

Contaminated fomites

Transmission for Bordetella

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36 hrs - 10 days

Incubation period for Bordetella

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2-14 days

Duration of illness in Bordetella

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Dry hacking cough

Retching

Sneezing, nasal discharge

Serious complications = pneumonia, fever, lethargy

Clinical findings for Bordetella in dogs

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Conjunctivitis

Upper respiratory signs

Clinical findings for cats with Bordetella

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Combination of:

History of exposure/high risk area

Exam findings

Clinical signs

Diagnosis for Bordetella in dogs

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Infective tracheobronchitis

Bordetella can turn to what

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Usually another cause

Diagnosis for Bordetella in cats

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Positive culture - usually unnecessary

Definitive diagnosis for Bordetella

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Mild illness: supportive care (resolves on its own)

Antibiotics

Treatment for Bordetella

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Usually runs is course in about 2 weeks - Compromised immune system, concurrent illnesses

Prognosis for Bordetella

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Vaccinate (lifecycle vaccine)

Prevention for Bordetella

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Intranasal

Oral

Injectable

How can the Bordetella vaccine be given?

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Outbreak - try to contain (isolate affected animals)

Often already spread

Dogs can be carriers for months after infection

Most disinfectants will work - proper sanitation is effective

Control for Bordetella

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Borreliosis Burgdorferi

What is the causative agent for Lyme disease

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Lyme Borreliosis

What’s the scientific name for Lyme disease

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Spirochete

Gram neg, Spirochete

What does lyme disease look like

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Lyme, connecticut

What is lyme disease named after

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Europe

Asia

Northeast of US

Upper midwest of US

Pacific coast of US

In what places of the world can Lyme disease be seen?

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Domestic animals

Humans

Additional mammals and birds may become infected but do not develop clinical signs

What groups is lyme disease susceptible to?

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Dogs

Horses

Possibly cats

What domestic animals are susceptible to lyme disease?

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Tick bite

Deer tick

How is lyme disease transmitted

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Ticks do not cause lyme disease - they transmit the bacteria that does

What is important to know about ticks in terms of lyme?

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Ixodes scapularis; Ixodes pacificus

What deer ticks cause lyme?

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1-2 days

How long do ticks take to transmit the bacteria after attached?

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Fever

Loss of appetite

Painful or swollen joints

Intermittent, shifting lameness

Swollen lymph nodes

Lethargy

Signs for lyme in dogs

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Kidney, nervous system damage

Lyme nephritis

What can happen if lyme is untreated?

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Inflammation of the kidney - can be fatal

What is lyme nephritis?

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Can get, not enough evidence of clinical signs

Clinical findings for lyme in cats

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Based on clinical signs and history

Standard blood tests are often not very helpful

Antibody testing

Diagnosis for lyme

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4-6 weeks after initial infection

When can antibody testing happen with lyme?

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Antibiotics - 4 weeks - limb/joint diseases usually rapidly resolve

Persistent infections - second round of treatment

Additional therapies

Chronic joint pain from damage

What is the treatment/prognosis for lyme

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Tick avoidance

Use of preventatives

Prompt removal of ticks - decrease likelihood of spread

Vaccine

Prevention and control for lyme

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Efficacy varies

2 boosters in series, then annually

Vaccinating after infection does not help fight off infection

Lyme disease vaccine

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Not a direct source

Dogs are what for human infection?