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Microscopic, single celled organisms
What are bacteria?
Shape/morphology
Coccus
Bacillus
Spirochete
How are bacteria catagorized?
circle/spherical
What does the coccus shape look like?
Rod like
What does the bacillus shape look like?
spiral
What does the spirochete shape look like
Structural integrity
Protection
What does the cell wall provide bacteria?
Gives cell wall its rigidity and shape
What does peptidoglycan do for the bacteria?
Thick peptidoglycan layer, no outer lipid membrane
Gram + bacteria has what?
Thin peptidoglycan layer, with outer lipid membrane
Gram - bacteria has what?
Via binary fission
What method do bacteria use to reproduce?
DNA divides into two (replicates)
Bacterial cell elongates
Splits into 2 daughter cells - each with identical DNA to parent cell
What is the process of reproduction in bacteria?
Reproduce very quickly
Under favorable conditions, bacteria can what?
Escherichia coli divides q 20 minutes
What is an example of bacteria reproducing quickly?
2 million bacteria
In 7 hours, 1 bacterium can turn to what?
Infectious bacterial disease of dogs (mainly)
What is leptospirosis?
Lepto
What is leptospirosis also known as?
Leptospira spp
Common species - Leptospira interrogens - Multiple serotypes
What are the causative agents for leptospirosis?
Spirochete
What is the shape of leptospirosis?
Soil and water
Where does leptospirosis live?
Yes
Is leptospirosis zoonotic?
Exposure/drinking from rivers, lakes, streams
Roaming on rural areas
Exposure to wild animals, farm animals
Contact with rodents or other dogs
What are the risk factors for leptospirosis in dogs?
Appears to be mild, not much known
Susceptibility for leptospirosis in cats
Passed in urine
How is leptospirosis transmitted?
Warm, stagnant water, or moist soil
Where do leptospirosis live in the environment?
Skunks, raccoons, opossums, rats, wolves, deer
What animals is leptospirosis transmitted by?
direct contact
Contaminated water, soil with infected urine
To transmit lepto by urine there needs to be
Penetrates mucous membranes or open wounds/secretes in skin
How does the lepto enter the host?
Multiples in bloodstream, moves to tissue
Liver, kidneys; damage
8-10 days after infection, immune system produces antibodies
Organ damage remains if present
May be irreversible and fatal
Pathogenesis for lepto
Lethargy, depression, loss of appetite
Vomiting
Fever
Increased thirst and urination (polydipsia, polyuria)
Jaundice
Bleeding issues
Mild infection - Little to no clinical signs
Clinical findings for lepto
Routine blood tests = clues/starting point
High liver/kidney values
Increased WBC
Diagnosis for lepto
DNA-PCR - find DNA of lepto in blood or urine - false negative
MAT - Microscopic agglutination test - presences of antibodies against lepto in dogs blood - takes longer for results, inconclusive testing
Definitive diagnosis for lepto
Antibiotics
Kidney/Liver damage - may require hospitalization - IV fluids
Treatment for leptospirosis
Severely infected - guarded due to organ damage
Prognosis for Leptospirosis
Precautions taken (mask, gloves, etc.)
Isolation procedures for suspected patients
Avoid contact with urine and breaks in skin or with mucous membranes
Careful disposal of soiled bedding is recommended (Urine collection)
Prevention/Control for Leptospirosis
Often added too DHPP vaccine
Annual re-booster; off years from the q 3 year vaccine
Reactions in smaller dogs
Vaccination for Leptospirosis
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Causative agent for Kennel cough
Negative
Is Kennel cough Gram positive or negative
Rod-shaped
Shape of kennel cough
Bordetella
Scientific name for kennel cough
Infectious bronchitis
What can bordetella cause?
Whooping cough
What is B. pertussis
Dogs are most susceptible
Can also affect cats and other mammals
Susceptibility for Bordetella
Direct contact
Airborne (coughing, sneezing)
Contaminated fomites
Transmission for Bordetella
36 hrs - 10 days
Incubation period for Bordetella
2-14 days
Duration of illness in Bordetella
Dry hacking cough
Retching
Sneezing, nasal discharge
Serious complications = pneumonia, fever, lethargy
Clinical findings for Bordetella in dogs
Conjunctivitis
Upper respiratory signs
Clinical findings for cats with Bordetella
Combination of:
History of exposure/high risk area
Exam findings
Clinical signs
Diagnosis for Bordetella in dogs
Infective tracheobronchitis
Bordetella can turn to what
Usually another cause
Diagnosis for Bordetella in cats
Positive culture - usually unnecessary
Definitive diagnosis for Bordetella
Mild illness: supportive care (resolves on its own)
Antibiotics
Treatment for Bordetella
Usually runs is course in about 2 weeks - Compromised immune system, concurrent illnesses
Prognosis for Bordetella
Vaccinate (lifecycle vaccine)
Prevention for Bordetella
Intranasal
Oral
Injectable
How can the Bordetella vaccine be given?
Outbreak - try to contain (isolate affected animals)
Often already spread
Dogs can be carriers for months after infection
Most disinfectants will work - proper sanitation is effective
Control for Bordetella
Borreliosis Burgdorferi
What is the causative agent for Lyme disease
Lyme Borreliosis
What’s the scientific name for Lyme disease
Spirochete
Gram neg, Spirochete
What does lyme disease look like
Lyme, connecticut
What is lyme disease named after
Europe
Asia
Northeast of US
Upper midwest of US
Pacific coast of US
In what places of the world can Lyme disease be seen?
Domestic animals
Humans
Additional mammals and birds may become infected but do not develop clinical signs
What groups is lyme disease susceptible to?
Dogs
Horses
Possibly cats
What domestic animals are susceptible to lyme disease?
Tick bite
Deer tick
How is lyme disease transmitted
Ticks do not cause lyme disease - they transmit the bacteria that does
What is important to know about ticks in terms of lyme?
Ixodes scapularis; Ixodes pacificus
What deer ticks cause lyme?
1-2 days
How long do ticks take to transmit the bacteria after attached?
Fever
Loss of appetite
Painful or swollen joints
Intermittent, shifting lameness
Swollen lymph nodes
Lethargy
Signs for lyme in dogs
Kidney, nervous system damage
Lyme nephritis
What can happen if lyme is untreated?
Inflammation of the kidney - can be fatal
What is lyme nephritis?
Can get, not enough evidence of clinical signs
Clinical findings for lyme in cats
Based on clinical signs and history
Standard blood tests are often not very helpful
Antibody testing
Diagnosis for lyme
4-6 weeks after initial infection
When can antibody testing happen with lyme?
Antibiotics - 4 weeks - limb/joint diseases usually rapidly resolve
Persistent infections - second round of treatment
Additional therapies
Chronic joint pain from damage
What is the treatment/prognosis for lyme
Tick avoidance
Use of preventatives
Prompt removal of ticks - decrease likelihood of spread
Vaccine
Prevention and control for lyme
Efficacy varies
2 boosters in series, then annually
Vaccinating after infection does not help fight off infection
Lyme disease vaccine
Not a direct source
Dogs are what for human infection?