Unification of Italy and Germany

Describe Italy before the Napoleonic era

-more of a concept than a country

- made up of a little different states than a whole

- geograhy created barriers

-Different traditions, languages forms of government

List the 5 major countries that attended the congress of Vienna

1.) Prussia

2.) Russia

3.) Britain

4.) Austria

5.) France

What were the two major goals of congress of Vienna

1.) Establish a new balance of power in Europe, which would prevent imperialism within Europe and maintain the peace between the great powers

2.) Prevent political revolutions, such as the French Revolution & maintain the status quo

After the congress of Vienna, which country gained land in Italy

Austria

What two areas did Austria gain

Lombardy and Venetia

What's the two reasons why Italy couldn't go back to the way things were before Napoleon

1.) collective rule under France.

2.) Modernization (roads bridges, government)

What was the name of the most famous secret society in Italy 1815

Carbonari

How were the Cabonari involved in the Naples uprising in 1820

A group of liberal army officers who fought against King Ferdinand 1 of the two Sicilies to force him to accept a constitution

What was the Congress of Troppau, and why is it significant

Congress of Troppau was a new congress convened in Troppau in to deal with the crisis.

The congress essentially gave the king Ferdinand the power to seek aid from Austria

Who was the king of Naples in 1820?

King Ferdinand 1

Defined the term Risorgimento

Movement to unify Italy

What intellectual era followed enlightenment

Romanticism

What were the characteristics of romanticism era

-emotion rather than reason

-admiration of nature rather than control of nature

What country helped crush Italian rebellions in 1820 and 1831

Austria

During the first Italian war for independence the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont had 2 allies, who were they?

1. Papal States

2. Kingdom siciles

Who was the first king of Sardinia Piedmont during the first war for independence?

Charles Albert

What was the goal of the first Italian war for independence?

Liberate the Italian peninsula from Austrian control particularly focusing on the region of Lombardy and Venetia

Who was the pope during the first Italian war for independence?

Pope pius IX

How did the popes actions help to cause the failure of the First war for independence

Recalled his troops

How did Victor Emmanuel the second gain power in Sardinia Piedmont?

His father, Carlos Alberto abdicated the throne after being defeated

Why did Cavour get Sardinia Piedmont involved in the crimean war?

To gain relations with European powers in order to secure their support for the future, unification of Italy by weakening Austria's influence

Explain the terms of the agreement Napoleon and cavour made

-France would help Sardinia to fight against Austria if attacked

-Sardinia would then give nice in Savoy to France in return

How did Cavour provoke war with Austria?

Cent the Piedmont army close to the Austrian border

(They practiced military maneuvers)

What land did Italy gain from Austria after the second Italian war for independence?

Lombardy

Who became the first king of Italy in 1861

Victor Immanuel 2

Define the term irredente

Italian term for a part of the country under foreign domination

How did the kingdom of Italy gain Venetia?

Italy, allied with pressure following the pression victory after the third war for independence Austria was forced to cede Venetia to Italy through the treaty Vienna.

How did the kingdom of Italy gained the Papel states?

In October 18 70 a plecesite was in Rome in the remaining Papel states were annexed to the kingdom of Italy

How is Germany similar to Italy before 1815?

-It was more of a concept than an actual country

-German language spoken in this area wasn't part of any specific country

-250 small states

What was the Holy Roman Empire?

Collection of land, whose rulers oh their allegiance to the Holy Roman Empire

- not a country or real empire

What country was the greatest power in the holy Roman Empire?

Austria

After the Congress of Vienna, how many states made up the German Confederation?

39

What was the bond? What powers did the bud have?

The bond also known as German confederation was a loose political association of 39 German states to replace the HRW

Had the power to:

- Make war

-conduct diplomacy

-raise arms

What was the diet?

Bond assembly made up of 17 team members

How is Austria strengthened by the Congress of Vienna settlement?

Gain land in Italy, Lombardy and Venetia

Between prussia and Austria, which country benefited the most from the Industrial Revolution

Economic growth shifted power from Austria to Prussia due to its strategic focus on economic development, including the creation of the Zollverein trade union, which allowed easier trade

What was the Zollverein?

a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories

What country was excluded from zollverein

Austria

How was the Zollverein a significant step to German unification?

1.) nearly all German states joined excepted policies and work together in an annual assembly.

2.) initiative came from Prussia, which suggested that Russia was the leader of a more united Germany

3.) Zollverein almost acted as a nation.

What were two important resources that helped pressure grow economically?

1.) coal

2.) iron

During the revolutions of 1848 why were the peasants revolting and middle-class?

In February 1848 news spread into Germany about the overthrow of the French monarchy.

Peasants: poor harvest, and the failure of the regime to enforce the promised abolition of serfdom

Middle class: reformers demanded freedom of press in constitutions

How did the rollers react to the revolts during the revolutions of 1848?

1.) feared it could turn bloody.

2.) made concessions or fled

Explain Bismarck involvement in the EMS telegram

Bismarck edited the EMS telegram sent from the pression king to him to appear that the French ambassador had been rudely dismissed by the king effectively provoking France into declaring war on Prussia