Peds physical fitness

both

lifelong habits of physical activity in childhood will have direct/indirect/both effects on health and prevention of disease in adulthood

fitness

physical _____________:

⇒health related to daily function and health maintenance

⇒motor skill for athletics

⇒perform daily activities with vigor and decreased risk of hypokinetic disease

⇒multidimensional

⇒cardiorespiratory endurance

⇒muscular strength

⇒flexibility and body composition

6-12

cardiopulmonary: physical capacity of children increases 8x from ___-___ years of age partially from growth and development

1

VO2max at 5 years old is ___L/min

3-4

VO2max at puberty is ___-___L/min

25

stroke volume at 5 years old is _____% of adult

similar

cardiac output at 5 years old is higher/lower/similar compared to adults

higher

heart rate at 5 years old is higher/lower/similar compared to adults

more

child has more/less/similar blood flow to muscles after exercise

lower

hemoglobin concentration is lower/higher/similar in children (compared to adults)

lower

children have a lower/higher/similar exercise BP compared to adults

lower

children have a higher/lower/similar peripheral resistance compared to adults

lower

children have a higher/lower/similar ventilatory reserve

⇒less efficient O2 exchange, need more air to extract the same amount of O2

less

children have more/less/similar efficient O2 exchange than adults

20

vital capacity is ____% of adult by 5 years

higher

children have a higher/lower/similar respiratory rate compared to adults

decreased

children have increased/decreased blood lactate

decreased

children have increased/decreased anaerobic capacity

increased

children have increased/decreased blood flow to muscles

fitness

4 components of physical ___________:

1. cardiorespiratory endurance

2. muscle strength & endurance

3. flexibility

4. body composition

cardiorespiratory endurance

this component of physical fitness is measured at VO2max - highest rate of O2 consumed in a given period of exercise

⇒increases throughout childhood

⇒boys > girls, initially 10%, 14 years 25%, 16 years 50%

⇒overall VO2max increases x8 from 6-12 years

8

overall VO2max has a(n) ____x increase from age 6-12

increase

VO2max will increase/decrease throughout childhood

boys

boys/girls/similar have a greater VO2max

increases

the difference in VO2max between boys and girls increases/decreases with age

higher

O2 cost during walking and running is higher/lower in children even when expressed per kg of body mass

higher

hypotheses to explain why O2 cost is higher/lower in children with walking/running:

⇒higher cadence

⇒more co-contraction

⇒inconsistent stride pattern

lower

anaerobic exercise performance is higher/lower/similar in children even when normalized for body mass

lower

hypotheses to explain why anaerobic performance is higher/lower in children:

⇒smaller muscle mass/body mass

⇒lower glycolytic capability

⇒deficient neuromotor coordination

faster

children recover from exercise faster/slower/similar than adults

⇒HR, O2 uptake, CO2 output, ventilation, plasma volume, lactate, and pH return to homeostasis ""

faster

reasons children recover from exercise faster/slower:

⇒higher parasympathetic tone

⇒catecholamine does not increase as much as adults

⇒faster clearance of hydrogen ions

⇒shorter circulation time and diffusion distance

⇒decreased O2 deficit at start of exercise

⇒decreased use of anaerobic energy pathways

neuromotor

muscular strength & endurance is measured with dynamometry - reliability is poor in children secondary to _______________ immaturity

⇒more consistent after 6-7 years

boys

evidence generally agrees that girls/boys are stronger

⇒some say even at age 3

⇒some say no difference until age 13

⇒some say 11-13% stronger throughout childhood

boys

boys/girls strength accelerates at the time they reach maximal height, maximal rate of strength increase one year after reaching maximal height

linearly

strength increases ___________ from early childhood to 13-14 years as muscle mass increased with growth, then accelerates

23

boys 10-16 years ____% increase in strength per year

5

boys have a ___x muscle mass increase from child ⇒ adult

3.5

girls have a ____.____ muscle mass increase from child ⇒ adult

force output

before puberty, training can increase force output/muscle mass/neither/both

neurological

before puberty, strength increases are attributed to ___________ adaptations and improved motor unit output, not increased cross-sectional area of muscle

both

at and after puberty, muscle mass/force/neither/both increase(s) significantly

decreases

elbow flexion:extension ratio in boys increases/decreases throughout childhood

(no data for girls)

extension

knee flexion/extension is stronger

extension

elbow flexion/extension is stronger

5-6

the greatest increase in ability to perform sit ups is from ___-___ years - number achieved doubles

girls

girls/boys/similar are more flexible

boys

girls/boys/both flexibility decreases from 5-15 years

sit and reach

the _______ ______ __________ test measures flexibility

⇒age 5-17

⇒girls 9 inches, boys 8 inches

body composition

______ ______ is a continuing objective of US government health objectives

⇒child and youth obesity increasing worldwide

⇒constantly changing in children - difficult to get a valid/reliable measure

increasing

child and youth obesity is increasing/decreasing worldwide

increases

fat increases/decreases from birth to 6 months

25

babies are _____% fat by 6 months old

girls

girls/boys have a higher body fat

75

at birth, babies are ____% water

60-65

4 months - puberty: ____-____% water

more

body composition: more/less protein at 10 years compared to birth

more

body composition: more/less mineral at 18 years compared to birth

body composition

_________ __________ at birth:

⇒fat: 12%

⇒water: 75%

⇒protein: 13%

⇒mineral: 3%

10-25

body fat standards for boys: ____-____%

15-25

body fat standards for girls: ____-____%

30

body fat values higher than 25% in boys and _____% in girls place the child at risk of poor health and increased morbidity

physiological condition

exercise improves physiological condition/motor skill

motor skill

training improves physiological condition/motor skill

both

exercise/training/neither/both occur naturally in children as part of typical growth and maturation

aerobic

maximal ________ power can be increased with training in 8-14 year olds, especially adolescents

⇒endurance activities are most effective

endurance

_________ activities are most effective to train aerobic power

a

heart volume will _______ with training

a. increase

b. decrease

c. no change

a

blood volume will _______ with training

a. increase

b. decrease

c. no change

a

hemoglobin will _______ with training

a. increase

b. decrease

c. no change

a

stroke volume will _______ with training

a. increase

b. decrease

c. no change

a

max ventilation will _______ with training

a. increase

b. decrease

c. no change

a

tidal volume will _______ with training

a. increase

b. decrease

c. no change

a

respiratory muscle endurance will _______ with training

a. increase

b. decrease

c. no change

b

submaximal ventilation will _______ with training

a. increase

b. decrease

c. no change

b

respiratory rate will _______ with training

a. increase

b. decrease

c. no change

c

arteriovenous difference will _______ with training

a. increase

b. decrease

c. no change

c

blood flow to active muscle will _______ with training

a. increase

b. decrease

c. no change

d

cardiac output will _______ with training

a. increase

b. decrease

c. no change

d. conflicting research; any of the above

lower

children are naturally/habitually more active than adults

RPE higher/lower/similar in children vs. adolescent vs. adult at same % max HR

puberty

muscular strength and endurance can be affected by training especially at/after __________

force

research shows increased _______ production, decreased risk for injury, and positive effects on cardiovascular fitness, body composition, and bone density as a result of strength training

e

strength increased in children is primarily due to:

a. muscle adaptation

b. neural adaptation

c. increased muscle mass

d. hypertrophy

e. a and b

f. all of the above

strength

__________ improvements in children due to:

⇒increased motor unit activation/recruitment

⇒appropriate co-contraction of synergists

⇒inhibition of antagonist and firing frequency

1.5

estimated strength increases secondary to growth - ___.___ kg/year ages 6-14

safe training

_________ ___________ positive impact

⇒children can increase strength beyond growth and maturation with sufficient intensity, volume, and duration of resistance strength training

⇒proper technique, full range, low or no weight, no eccentric focus and machines of appropriate size

no

safe training includes more/no eccentric focus

full

safe training includes full/partial range

no

safe training to increase strength in children includes low or high/no weight

concussion

risk for injury

⇒>1 million serious sports injuries per year in children 10-17

⇒most injuries to ER = sprains/strains (90%) followed by fracture, contusion, and laceration

⇒1997-2007 _________ in children 8-13 doubled and 14-19 quadrupled

⇒once a child gets a concussion they are more likely to get another

⇒recovery takes longer in children

children

concussion recovery takes longer in children/adults

more

children are more/less at risk for injury and sustain unique injuries due to physiological, psychological, and developmental immaturity

d

____ immaturity causes increased risk for injury

a. developmental

b. psychological

c. physiological

d. all of the above

more

articular cartilage in children is more/less susceptible to injury from repetitive loading (premature OA)

shear

________ stress = osteoarthritis dissecans

avulsion

micro-__________ fracture apophysis = osgood-schlatter or severs

epiphysis

growth plate; weak area prone to fracture

both

bone mineral density/size increases secondary to:

⇒hormone stimulation

⇒dietary calcium

⇒mechanical stress

bone

bone/soft tissue grows faster

ROM

decreased ________ and muscle stiffness put growing child at risk for soft tissue injury

stretching

a ___________ program is critical for young athletes (especially males)