PISS FART

Peripheral Route Persuasion

a method of influencing attitudes that occurs when individuals are persuaded by superficial cues rather than the content of the message itself.

The Halo Effect

a cognitive bias where the perception of one positive trait influences the perception of other traits, leading to an overall favorable impression of a person or thing.

The Foot-in-the-Door Technique

a persuasion strategy where an initial small request is made to which the individual is likely to agree, followed by a larger request.

The Door-in-the-Face Technique

a persuasion strategy where an initially large request is made, which is expected to be refused, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request.

Conformity

the act of changing one's behavior or beliefs to match those of others, often as a result of peer pressure or social influence.

Social Norms

the accepted behaviors and beliefs within a group or society that guide individual actions and expectations.

Obedience

a form of social influence where an individual follows direct commands or instructions from an authority figure.

Culture

the shared values, beliefs, norms, and practices of a group, influencing behavior and interpretations of the world.

Tight Culture

strong social norms and low tolerance for deviant behavior.

Loose Culture

weaker norms and a greater tolerance for variation in behavior.

Individualism

a cultural orientation that emphasizes the importance of the individual over the group, prioritizing personal goals and self-reliance.

Collectivism

a cultural orientation that prioritizes group goals and the welfare of the community over individual desires and achievements.

Multiculturalism

a societal approach that recognizes and values diverse cultural backgrounds and promotes equal respect and integration of different cultures.

Group Polarization

the phenomenon where group discussions lead members to adopt more extreme positions than they would individually.

Groupthink

a psychological phenomenon where the desire for harmony and conformity in a group results in poor decision-making and the suppression of dissenting viewpoints.

Diffusion of Responsibility

the tendency for individuals to feel less personal responsibility to act when they are part of a larger group.

Social Loafing

'the phenomenon where individuals exert less effort when working in a group compared to when they work alone.

Deindividuation

a psychological state characterized by a loss of self-awareness and accountability in group situations, leading to behavior that is uncharacteristic of an individual.

Social Facilitation

the tendency for individuals to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others compared to when they are alone.

Social Trap

a situation in which individuals or groups act in their own self-interest, leading to negative outcomes for the collective.

Superordinate Goals

shared goals that require cooperation among individuals or groups, fostering collaboration and reducing conflict.

Prosocial Behavior

actions intended to benefit others, such as helping, sharing, and cooperation.

Altruism

the selfless concern for the well-being of others, often involving personal sacrifice or risk without expectation of reward.

Social Responsibility Norm

the expectation that individuals should help those who are dependent on them and in need of assistance.

Bystander Effect

the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when other people are present, often due to diffusion of responsibility.

Social Exchange Theory

a concept that proposes social behavior is the result of an exchange process, aiming to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Reciprocity Norm

the expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits, creating mutual obligation.

Personality

the individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Psychodynamic Theory

a psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences on behavior and personality.

Psychoanalysis

a therapeutic approach that aims to explore unconscious motivations and conflicts through techniques such as free association and dream interpretation.

Free Association

a psychoanalytic technique where patients speak freely about their thoughts and feelings to uncover unconscious conflicts.

Id

the part of the personality that contains our basic instincts and drives, operating on the pleasure principle and seeking immediate gratification.

Ego

the rational part of the personality that mediates between the desires of the Id and the realities of the external world, operating on the reality principle.

Superego

the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.

Defense Mechanisms

unconscious psychological strategies used by individuals to cope with anxiety or stress and protect the ego from uncomfortable thoughts.

Denial

defense mechanism where an individual refuses to accept reality or facts, avoiding painful emotions or information.

Displacement

a defense mechanism that involves redirecting emotions from a source of frustration to a safer target.

Projection

a defense mechanism in which individuals attribute their own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else.

Rationalization

a defense mechanism where individuals explain their behavior in a logical or reasonable manner, avoiding the true underlying reasons.

Reaction Formation

a defense mechanism where an individual expresses feelings that are the opposite of their actual feelings to hide their true emotions.

Regression

a defense mechanism where an individual reverts to behaviors typical of an earlier stage of development in response to stress or conflict.

Repression

a defense mechanism that involves unconsciously blocking unpleasant thoughts or memories from consciousness.

Sublimation

a defense mechanism that involves channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities or behaviors.

Projective Tests

Psychological assessments that use ambiguous stimuli to elicit responses that reveal an individual's unconscious thoughts and feelings.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective test where individuals create stories about ambiguous images, revealing their inner thoughts and feelings.

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A projective psychological test consisting of inkblots where individuals describe what they see, aimed at revealing their underlying thoughts and emotions.

Preconscious

A part of the mind that contains thoughts and feelings that are not currently in awareness but can be accessed readily.

Unconscious

A part of the mind that contains repressed thoughts, memories, and desires that are not accessible to conscious awareness.

Collective Unconscious

A concept in Jungian psychology that refers to the part of the unconscious mind that is shared among a group or society, containing universal experiences and archetypes.

Humanistic Psychology

A perspective that emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and the inherent goodness of people.

Unconditional Positive Regard

An attitude of acceptance and support regardless of what an individual says or does, fostering self-acceptance and personal growth.

Self-Actualizing Tendency

The inherent drive within individuals to realize their full potential and achieve personal growth and fulfillment.

Social-Cognitive Theory

A perspective that emphasizes the role of observational learning, cognitive processes, and social influences in personality development.

Behavioral Approach

Focuses on observable behaviors and the ways they're learned through interactions with the environment, often emphasizing conditioning.

Reciprocal Determinism

A concept in social-cognitive theory suggesting that personal factors, behavior, and environmental influences all interact to shape behavior.

Self

Refers to an individual's awareness of their own personality, identity, and thoughts, influencing their behavior and interactions with others.

Self-Concept

The collection of beliefs and perceptions an individual has about themselves, affecting their behavior and self-esteem.

Self-Efficacy

An individual's belief in their own ability to successfully complete tasks and achieve goals.

Self-Esteem

Refers to an individual's overall sense of self-worth or personal value.

Spotlight Effect

The phenomenon where individuals believe that they are being noticed more than they actually are by others.

Self-Serving Bias

A tendency for individuals to attribute their successes to internal factors and their failures to external factors, maintaining a positive self-image.

Traits

Consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that are relatively stable over time and across situations.

Personality Inventory

A standardized questionnaire that assesses an individual's personality characteristics and traits.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A psychological assessment tool used to evaluate personality structure and psychopathology.

Empirically Derived Test

A test developed using statistical methods to ensure reliability and validity.

Empirically Derived Test

a psychological test created through the application of the scientific method, utilizing data collected from responses to identify patterns.

Big Five Theory

a model of personality that identifies five core dimensions of human personality: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Agreeableness

a personality trait characterized by kindness, trust, and a tendency to be cooperative and supportive toward others.

Openness to Experience

a personality trait that reflects the degree to which an individual is imaginative, open-minded, and willing to engage with new experiences.

Extraversion

a personality trait associated with sociability, assertiveness, and a preference for being around others.

Conscientiousness

a personality trait characterized by organization, dependability, and a strong sense of duty and discipline.

Emotional Stability

often contrasted with neuroticism, refers to an individual's ability to maintain emotional balance and cope effectively with stress.

Personality Inventories

assessment tools designed to measure various aspects of a person's personality traits, behaviors, and patterns.

Factor Analysis

a statistical method used to identify clusters or groups of related variables, often used in psychology to identify underlying personality dimensions.

Motivation

the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors, influencing the direction and persistence of effort.

Physiological Need

the basic requirements for human survival, such as food, water, warmth, and rest.

Homeostasis

the process by which biological systems maintain stability and equilibrium in response to changing external conditions.

Incentives

external rewards or motivations that influence behavior, encouraging individuals to take certain actions.

Drive-Reduction Theory

human motivation is driven by the need to reduce internal drives, such as hunger or thirst, to maintain a state of balance.

Arousal Theory

individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, seeking stimulation when under-aroused and avoiding chaos when over-aroused.

Optimal Level of Arousal

the ideal state of arousal that leads to peak performance and satisfaction, varying for different individuals and tasks.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

a principle that describes the relationship between arousal and performance, suggesting that optimal performance occurs at moderate levels of arousal.

Self-Determination Theory

a framework for understanding human motivation that emphasizes the importance of autonomy, competence, and relatedness in fostering intrinsic motivation.

Intrinsic Motivation

the drive to engage in an activity for its own sake, driven by personal satisfaction or interest rather than external rewards.

Extrinsic Motivation

engaging in an activity to earn external rewards or avoid negative consequences rather than for the inherent enjoyment of the task.

Instincts

biologically determined behaviors that are essential for survival, such as reflexes and basic drives.

Lewin's Motivational Conflicts Theory

a framework that describes the conflicts individuals face when making decisions that involve competing motivations.

Approach-Approach Conflict

occurs when an individual faces a choice between two equally attractive options, creating a dilemma.

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

arises when a single goal has both positive and negative aspects, making the individual ambivalent towards it.

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

occurs when an individual must choose between two undesirable options, often leading to stress and anxiety.

Sensation-Seeking Theory

suggests that individuals are motivated to pursue novel and intense experiences, often seeking out excitement and stimulation.

Hormones

chemical messengers in the body produced by glands that regulate various physiological processes, including metabolism, growth, and mood.

Ghrelin

a hormone produced in the stomach that stimulates appetite and plays a role in regulating energy balance.

Leptin

a hormone produced by fat cells that helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger and stimulating energy expenditure.

Glucose

a simple sugar that serves as a primary energy source for the body's cells and is a critical factor in hunger regulation.

Hypothalamus

a small region of the brain that plays a crucial role in regulating functions such as hunger, thirst, temperature, and circadian rhythms.

Pituitary Gland

a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain that produces and releases various hormones, regulating many bodily functions.

Emotion

a complex psychological state involving physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioral or expressive responses.

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

posits that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences, suggesting that our emotions are intertwined with our facial movements.

Behavior-Feedback Effect

refers to the influence of behavior on emotions, suggesting that acting in a certain way can alter emotional states.