Community Health

health promotion

the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health

health maintenance

intervening to maintain health when risk of illness is present

disease prevention

the process of reducing risks and alleviating disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and distress

determinants of health

Factors influencing health outcomes in populations.

public health

-global

-national

-regional

-state

population health

-geographic

-demographic

-occupational

community health

-city/town

-neighborhood

population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

community

smaller group of people within a population

aggregate

tiny subgroup with an illness

population health definition

is a comprehensive approach that spans the entire health care continuum from public health prevention to disease management

population health concepts

-health outcomes

-health disparities

-health determinants

-health risk factors

population health activities

-health care coordination

-health care research

-population-level data analysis

-health programming

population health interventions

-impact of health policies and laws

-impact of environment, social/behavioral factors

CDC 10 essential public health services

1.Assess and monitor population health status, factors that influence health, and community needs and assets

2.Investigate, diagnose, and address health problems and hazards affecting the population

3.Communicate effectively to inform and educate people about health, factors that influence it, and how to improve it

4.Strengthen, support, and mobilize communities and partnerships to improve health

5.Create, champion, and implement policies, plans, and laws that impact health

6.Utilize legal and regulatory actions designed to improve and protect the public's health

7. Ensure an effective system that enables equitable access to the individual services and care needed to be healthy

8. Build and support a diverse and skilled public health workforce

9. Improve and innovate public health functions through ongoing evaluation, research, and continuous quality improvement

10. Build and maintain a strong organizational infrastructure for public health

3 core functions of public health nursing

1. Assessment

2. Policy Development

3. Assurance of healthcare services

public health foundations

environmental science

epidemiology

biostatistics

biomedical sciences

social/behavioral science

Healthy People 2030

will promote a holistic approach to health promotion and disease prevention

The Eight Principles of Public Health

1. The primary focus of public health nursing practice is on systematic and comprehensive population-focused assessment

2. Equity is both a core public health value

3. Primary prevention is the priority in selecting activities

4. Public health nursing focuses on strategies that create healthy, social, environmental, and economic conditions

5. Public health nurses collaborate with communities and populations as equal partners

6.Collab with members of other professions

7. Public health nurses are obligated to actively identify and reach out to all who might benefit

8. Optimal use of available resources and creation of new evidence-based public strategies are necessary

standards of public health

- assessment

-diagnosis

-outcome identification

-planning

-implementation

-coordination of care

-health teaching and health promotion

-consultations

-policy and regulatory activities

-evaluation

-ethics

-communication

-collaboration

types of public health nurses

- occupational

-public health clinic

-faith based

-home health

-disaster response

-school

-correctional

-hospice

8 domains of the Council of Linages PHN Core Competencies

- assessment and analytical skills

-policy development

-program planning skills

-communication skills

-cultural competency skills

-community dimensions

-public health sciences

-financial planning

-evaluation and management skills

public health nursing ethics

-autonomy

-dignity

-individual rights

-public good

-social justice

global health goals

No poverty

Zero hunger

Good health and well-being

Quality education

Gender equality

Clean water and sanitation

Affordable and clean energy

Decent work and economic growth

Industry, innovation, and infrastructure

Reduced inequalities

Sustainable cities and communities

Responsible production and consumption

Climate action

Life below water

Life on land

Peace, justice, and strong institutions

Partnerships for the goals

factors to reduce the occurrence and severity of disease

-health promotion

-health protection

-risk reduction

upstream thinking

focus on interventions that promote health or prevent illness

Example of upstream thinking

Policy change regarding policy changes regarding fast food or tobacco

midstream thinking

approach that happen within specific organizations to improve health outcomes

midstream thinking example

a workplace may provide healthy lunches to employees everyday

downstream thinking

short-term individual based interventions

downstream thinking example

a nurse counseling a client with hypertension about consuming a low-salt diet

social determinants of health

economic stability, education, social and community context, health and health care, neighborhood and built environment

ecological determinants of health

potable water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, climate action, life below water and life on land

example of disease prevention and control

immunization clinics or outbreak response

example of health education and promotion

nutrition programs, reproductive health education

example of surveillance and data collection

report communicable disease and analyze health disparities

example of policy development and advocacy

advocate for clean water laws, collaborate on school lunch

public health social-ecological model

social

community

relationship

individual

individual

age, education, income, attitudes

relationship

family, peers, partner

community (social-ecological model)

neighborhoods, schools, religious orgs

societal

social and cultural norms

levels of prevention

primary, secondary, tertiary, primordial

primordial prevention

affects populations by reducing overall risk

primary prevention

affects at-risk populations or environments by preventing problems

secondary prevention

affects individuals by detecting conditions or needs

tertiary prevention

affects individuals by preventing or lessening negative impact

prevent disease before it happens

primary prevention

identifying disease before problems become serious

secondary prevention

preventing complications from the disease

tertiary prevention

universal prevention

Preventive intervention targeting large groups of people not afflicted by a particular problem.

selective prevention

Preventive intervention targeting subgroups of people at risk for a particular problem.

indicated prevention

Preventive intervention targeting individuals at high risk for developing extensive problems in the future.

clinical prevention

Programs or interventions that target individuals. A program can target individuals, as well as target communities and the individuals in those communities.

behavioral prevention

often focused on health promotion strategies, are aimed at changing individual behavior such as exercise promotion, smoking cessation, or responsible drinking

environmental prevention

Focuses of health protection by improving the safety of the environment such as fluoridating water, banning smoking in public places, enacting laws against drunk driving, enforcing clean air acts and building green spaces for recreation

Minnesota Public Health Interventions Wheel

1. Assess

2. Select level

3. Choose interventions

4. Plan

5. Implement

6. Evaluate

Levels in the Minnesota Public Health Wheel

individual, community, and systems

health literacy

knowledge of health information needed to make good choices about your health

epidemiology

the study of factors that influence health and disease in populations

central elements of epidemiology

person, place, time

epidemiology data sources

hospitals

health departments

schools

health insurance agency

risk factor

any attribute, characteristic, or exposure increasing the likelihood of development of disease or injury

epidemiological triangle

agent, host, environment

causality

cause and effect relationship

Bradford Hill Criteria for Causality

strength of association, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiment, analogy

biostatistics

Application of statistics to biological research.

mean

average

median

middle

mode

most frequently occurring score

incidence rate

number of new cases of a disease/ population total

prevalence rate

number of existing cases/population total

crude mortality rate

Number of deaths ÷ population total x 1,000

infant mortality rate

number of infant deaths before age 1/ number of live births in the same year

attack rate of disease

number of people affected divided by the number of people exposed

communicable disease

a disease that is spread from one host to another

noncommunicable disease

a disease that is not transmitted from one host to another

exposure to toxin

methamphetamines

cocaine

FASD

lead

active surveillance

Health agencies contact health providers seeking reports

Ensures more complete reporting of conditions

Used in conjunction with specific epidemiologic investigation

passive surveillance

Health-care providers send reports to a health department on the basis of a known set of rules and regulations (provider-initiated)

community health characteristics

health status, structure, process

types of community assessment

Comprehensive

Problem-oriented

Familiarization

Rapid needs

Health Impact

MAPP framework

CDC's framework for community assessment and planning.

MAPP

1) partnership

2)vision

3)assess residents, public health

4) identify strategic issues

5) formulate goals

6) action cycle

CHANGE framework

1. Understand

2. Enlist

3. Envisage

4. Motivate

5. Communicate

6. Act

7. Consolidate

precede-proceed model

Consists of eight phases that provide a framework for intervention. It is an educational and ecologic model that incorporates planning for evidence-based best practices, interventions, and integration of evaluation methods for improvement of quality.

precede-proceed steps

1) social assessment

2) epidemiological assessment

3) educational and ecological assessment

4) administrative & policy assessment and intervention alignment

5) implementation

6) process evaluation

7) impact evaluation

8) outcome evaluation

9 steps in developing a program evaluation in health planning

1) Eval Team

2) Evaluation Question

3) Budget

4) Internal or External Evaluator

5) Data Collection Methods

6) Collect Data

7) Analyze and Interpret Results

8) Communicate Findings

9) Improve the Program

what causes pneumonia

pneumococcus pneumonia

how is pneumonia transmissed

droplet

pneumonia symptoms

dyspnea, chills, fever, cough, dark sputum

pneumonia incubation period

1-3 days

pneumonia contagious period

anytime time after infection

pneumonia vaccination schedule

2,4,6 months

12-15 months

elderly

adverse effect of the pneumonia vaccine

fever, loss of appetite

patient education for the pneumonia vaccine

good hygiene

what causes covid

SARS-CoV-2

how does covid spread

respiratory droplets

contagious period of covid

1-2 days before symptoms and 8-10 days after

covid vaccine schedule

6mos, 18 mos, 19-64 annual