Praxis II Elementary Education 5001

Assonance

Repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds

Meter

A recurring pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables that creates a rhythm when spoken

Iambic meter

An unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable

Blank verse

unrhymed verse that consists of lines of iambic pentameter

Free verse

Lacks regular patterns of poetic feet, but has more controlled rhythm than prose in terms of pace and pauses.

Phonological awareness

A sub-skill of literacy; the ability to perceive sound structures in spoken word, such as syllables and the individual phonemes within syllables.

Phonemes

The sounds represented by the letters in the alphabet

Teaching phonological awareness

Language play; an exposure to a variety of sounds and contexts of sounds

Alphabetic principle

The use of letters and combinations of letters to represent speech sounds

Developing language skills

- Interacting with others

- Experiencing language in daily life

- Understanding that speaking and listening are necessary for effective communication.

Know, Wonder, Learn

What KWL stands for

Decoding

Method used to make sense of printed words and figure out how to correctly pronounce them.

Student must know the relationships between letters and sounds, including:

- letter patterns

- words are constructed from phonemes

- printed word represents a word that can be spoken.

Phonics

Process of learning to read by learning how spoken language is represented by letters

Whole language approach

Method of teaching children to read by recognizing words as whole pieces of language; believes that language should not be broken down into letters and combinations of letters and "decoded."

Fluency

The goal of literacy development; the ability to read and write accurately and quickly

Affixes

Syllables attached to the beginning or end of a word to make a derivative or inflectional form of a word.

Noun suffixes

Type of suffix. Two types:

- Denotes the act of, state of, or quality of. (argument)

- Denotes the doer, or one who does (auctioneer)

Verb suffixes

Type of suffix. Denote "to make" or "two perform the act of" (soften)

Adjectival suffixes

Type of suffix. Include suffixes such as "ful" which means "full of." Ish, less, able.

Literal comprehension

The skills a reader uses to deal with the actual words in a text. Involves skills such as identifying the topic sentence, main idea, important facts, and supporting details; using context clues to determine the meaning of a word; and sequencing events.

Critical comprehension

Involves the prior knowledge and an understanding that written material, especially in nonfiction, is the author's version and not necessarily anyone else's. Involves analysis of meaning, evaluation, validation, questioning, and the reasoning skills a reader uses to recognize inferences and conclusions, purpose, tone, POV, themes, etc.

Metacognitive Skills

Awareness , Planning, Self-monitoring and reflection

Taking an active role in reading

Recognizing reading behaviors

Relating info to prior knowledge

Being aware of text structures

Synecdoche

Use of a part of something to signify the whole:

"Boots on the ground"

Metonymy

Use of one term that is closely associated with another to mean the other: "The crown."

Critical thinking tools while reading

Summarization

Question generation

Textual marking

Learning approach

A language development theory; Assumes that language is first learned by imitating the speech of adults, then solidified in school through drills about the rules of language structures

Linguistic approach

A language development theory; Proposes that the ability to use a language is innate; biological approach, not baed on cognition or social patterning

Cognitive approach

A language development theory; Children must develop appropriate cognitive skills before they can acquire language

Sociocognitive approach

A language development theory; Language development is a complex interaction of linguistic, social, and cognitive influences

Ad hominem

"Against the person;" Attacks the character or behavior of a person taking a stand on the issue instead of the issue itself

Hasty generalizations

Condemnations of a group based on the behavior of one person or part

Faulty causation

Assigning the wrong cause to an event

Bandwagon effect

If everyone else if doing it, it must be a good thing to do.

Inductive reasoning

Using PARTICULAR FACTS to draw a GENERAL conclusion

If every apple taken out of the top of a barrel is rotten, the rest of the barrel is probably rotten too.

Deductive reasoning

Using GENERAL FACTS or premises to come to a SPECIFIC conclusion.

If Susan is a sophomore and all sophomores take geometry, Susan takes geometry.

Gerund

Verb form used as a noun

Illustrative essay

Explains a general statement through the use of specific examples

Descriptive essay

Appeals to the give senses to describe a person, place, or thing so that the readers can see the subject in their imaginations.

Process essays

"How-to": Gives step-by-step directions.

"Explanation": Tells how an event occurred or how something works.

Classification essay

Type of essay that sorts information

Imperative sentence

Gives direction or command and may be punctuated by an exclamation point.

Bathos

An attempt to evoke pity, sorrow, or nobility that goes overboard and becomes ridiculous

Malapropism

Confusing one word witha nother

The five reasons for writing

1. To tell a story

2. To express oneself

3. To convey information

4. To make an argument

5. To explore ideas

Coordinating conjunction

A conjunction that can join two independent clauses by placing a comma and a coordinating conjunction between them.

Subordinating conjunction

A conjunction that joins a subordinate clause with an independent clause and establishes a relationship between them.

Top-down processing

Listener refers to background and global knowledge to figure out the meaning of a message

Bottom-up processing

Listener figures out the meaning of a message by using "data" obtained from what is said.

Base maps

Maps created from aerial and field surveys; serve as the starting point for topographic and thematic maps

Topographic maps

Maps that show the natural and human-made surface features of the earth, including mountain elevations, river courses, roads, names of lakes and towns, and country/state lines

Thematic maps

Maps that use a base or topographic maps as the foundation for showing data based on a theme, such as population density, wildlife distribution, etc.

15 degrees

Each hour of time in the time zones is equivalent to this many degrees of longitude.

Prime Meridian

Greenwich, England is the location of this

International Date Line

The halfway point, at the 180th meridian. The place where each day begins and ends on Earth

Cartography

The art and science of mapmaking

Absolute location

The exact point spot where coordinates meet

Tropic of Cancer

The latitude that is 23.5 degrees north of the equator

Tropic of Capricorn

The latitude that is 23.5 degrees south of the equator

The Tropics

The region between the tropic of Cancer and Capricorn

Subtropics

The areas located between 23.5 and 40 degrees north/south of the equator

Arctic Circle

The latitude 66.5 degrees north of the equator

Antarctic Circle

The latitude 66.5 degrees south of the equator

Forests, Grasslands, Deserts, Tundra

The four main biomes

Tropical, dry, temperate, continental, polar

The five man climate zones

Climate

The long term average weather conditions of a place

Orogeny

The process in which tectonic plates push up the crust to form mountains

Carrying capacity

The maximum, sustained level of use an environment can incur without sustaining significant environmental deterioration that would eventually lead to environmental destruction.

Space, Environment, Chronology

Three different points of view that can be used to study history

Location, Place, Human-environmental interaction, Movement, Regions

The five themes of geography

Geomorphology

The study of landforms; a science that considers the relationships between geological structures and surface landscape features

Processes that change features: erosion, deposition, plate tectonics.

Landforms

Landscape features; the highest order ones are continents and oceans

Foothills

Low series of hills found between a plain and a mountain range

Plateaus

Elevated landforms that are fairly flat on top

Mesas

Flat areas of upland

Deltas

Accumulations of silt deposited at the river mouths into the seabed; eventually converted into very fertile, stable ground

Basins

- Low areas that catch water from rivers

- Large hollows that dip to a central point and are surrounded by higher ground

- Areas of inland drainage in a desert where water can't reach the sea

Marshes

Wet lowlands with no trees and are always wet because of frequent floods and poor drainage that leaves shallow water; grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and herbs.

Swamps

Wet lowlands with trees and dry periods; the water is very slow-moving and is usually associated with adjacent rivers or lakes.

Taiga

World's largest forest region; location of huge mineral resources and fur-bearing animals.

Tundra

Marshy plain in an area that has a very cold climate and receives little snow.

Humid continental climate

Has four seasons, including a cold winter and a hot summer, and sufficient rainfall for raising crops.

Prairie climates

Found in the interiors of Asia and North America where there are dry flatlands

Subtropical climates

Very humid areas in tropical areas; the moisture, carried by winds traveling over warm ocean currents, produces long summers and mild winters.

Marine climates

Climates surrounded by water; warm ocean winds bring moisture, mild temperatures year round, and plentiful rain.

Physical geography

Study of climate, water, and land and their relationship with each other and humans; locates and identifies the earth's surface features and explores how humans thrive in various locations according to crop and goods production.

Cultural geography

Study of the influence of the environment on human behaviors as well as the effect of human activities such as farming, building settlements, and grazing livestock on the environment.

Physical location

Placement of the hemispheres and continents.

Political location

Divisions within continents that designate various countries.

Natural resources

Things provided by nature that have commercial value to humans such as minerals, timber, fish, wildlife, and landscape

Renewable resources

Resources that can be replenished, such as wind, solar radiation, tides, and water (with proper conservation)

Nonrenewable resources

Resources that cannot be replenished; fossils fuels, such as oil and metal ores. They cannot be replaced or reused once they have been burned.

Commodities

Natural resources that have to be extracted and purified rather than created.

Map projections

A system for representing the earth's curvatures on a flat surface through the use of a grid that corresponds to the lines of latitude and longitude

Conical projection

Type of map projection that superimposes a cone over the sphere of the earth

Cylindrical projection

Type of map projection in which meridians are mapped using equally spaced vertical lines and circles of latitude (parallels) are mapped using horizontal lines.

Azimuthal

Stereographic projection onto a plane so centered at any given point that a straight line radiating from the center to any other point represents the shortest difference.

Sumer

Established the first known writing system

Advanced the development of the wheel and irrigation

Urbanized their culture with cluster of cities

Egypt

United by the Nile River

Settled in villages on the banks

National religion that held pharaohs as gods

Central government

Writing, libraries

Indus Valley

Unified culture of luxury and refinement, no known national government, advanced civic system, prosperous trade routes

Common traits of early empires

Strong military

Centralized gov

Control and standardization of commerce

Money

Taxes

Weight system

Official language